Objective To discuss the application of allowable total error (Tea) and allowable imprecision derived from biological variation in routine chemistry external quality assessment ( EQA) and internal quality control (IQC) and set up quality specifications of routine chemistry in our country.Methods Data of test items including K,Na,CI,Ca,P,Glu,Urea,UA,Cre,Alb,TP,TC,TG,AST,ALT,Tbil,ALP,AMY,CK,LDH,Fe,Mg,Cu,Zn and GGT was collected and evaluated by a nationwide EQA.At the same time the coefficients of variation (CVs) of these test items during the month were acquired from the IQC reports of each laboratory and then the results were analyzed.Results Percent of pass was different in these test items based on Tea derived from biological variation in EQA results.Except for items of CI,Mg,Cu and Zn,about 80％ of participant laboratories could achieve the minimum performance of biological variation.About 80％ of participant laboratories could achieve the desired performance of biological variation for K,P,Glu,Urea,UA,Cre,TC,TG,ALT,AST,Tbil,AMY,CK,LDH,Fe and GGT.About 80％ of participant laboratories could achieve the optimum performance of biological variation for Urea,UA,TC,TG,ALT,AST,Tbil,C K,and GGT.And the IQC results showed that acceptable percents of different items based on three allowable imprecision were different.More than 80％ of participant laboratories could achieve the minimum allowable imprecision for K,P,Glu,Urea,UA,TC,TG,ALT,AST,Tbil,AMY,CK,LDH,Dbil,Fe,GGT,the desirable imprecision for P,Urea,UA,TG,ALT,AST,Tbil,CK,Dbil,Fe,GGT and the optimum imprecision for TG,ALT,CK,Dbil,Fe.Conclusions The quality specifications derived from biological variation can be as evaluation criteria for EQA and IQC in order to know the detection ability of each laboratory more completely and objectively,set up quality specifications derived from allowable total error and allowable imprecision in routine chemistry and to provide basis for mutual recognition of routine chemistry test results.

Objective To evaluate the mechanical characteristics of systolic left ventricular(LV) transmural torsion in different LV electro-mechanical patterns using speckle tracking imaging. Methods Five open-chest canine models were employed for the acquirement of the basal, apical short-axis and four-chamber views of LV during baseline(BASE) and right atrial appendage(RAA), right ventricular apical (RVA), left ventricular lateral wall (LVL) and left ventrieular apical (LVA) pacing. Subendocardial (subend),subepicardial(subepi) and bulk rotation angle(RA) and segmental angle excursion(AE) at basal and apical level were analyzed using a dedicated workstation. LV torsion at different layers and bulk and global LV ejection fraction (EF) were calculated. Results ① There were no significant difference of transmural torsion and RA at basal and apical level between BASE and RAA pacing (P>0.05);② LV torsion of subend, subepi and bulk during RVA pacing were lower than those during RAA pacing(P0.05);LV torsion of subend and bulk during LVA pacing were lower than those during RAA pacing(P0.05);LV RA of subend,subepi and bulk at basal level during RVA and LVA pacing were lower than those during RAA pacing (P<0.05); ③ For normal electro-mechanical pattern, LV torsion of subend were significant higher than that of subepi(P<0.05), there only were a higher tendency for all pacing models (P>0.05); ④AE of segments near the pacing site decreased during different ventricle paeings (P<0.05); ⑤At BASE and during RAA pacing, LV bulk and subepi torsion were positively correlated to EF; RA of subend,subepi and bulk at basal level were positively correlated to EF. Conclusions LV transmual torsion are significantly depressed during RVA and LVA pacing. There is a spatial co-relationship between LV EF and torsion and rotation of bulk and subepi at basal level in normal LV electro-mechanical patterns.

Objective To investigate the status of the disease of the fluorosis and arsenism caused by coal-burning in Ankang city of Shaanxi. Methods Nine survey spots were chosen to carry out the epidemiological investigation of adult skeletal fluorosis and arsenism in the coal-polluted areas of Ankang, respectively using Determination of Fluorine in Coal (GB/T 4633-1997) to determine the coal fluorine and using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry(HCAFS) to determine coal arsenic. The diagnose of the adult skeletal fluorosis followed the Diagnosis of Clinical Classification for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis Standard(GB 16396-1996), that of arsenism using Standard of Diagnosis for Endemic Arsensim (WS/T 211-2001). Results Totally 569 adults were investigated over the age of 16, among which 121 cases were skeletal fluorosis, with a total detection rate of 21.27%. Four cases of II degree and higher skeletal fluorosis patients were identified, accounting for 0.70% of the number of subjects. One hundred and thirty-two cases of arsenic poisonin were detected, in a rate of 23.20%. Ninety-five patients were identified with moderate or severe arsenic poisoning, accounting for 16.69% of subjects. A positive correlation was found between the detection rates of the skeletal fluorosis and the arsenism(r = 0.816, P < 0.01), as well as between the detection rate of skeletal fluorosis and fluoride content of coal(r = 0.775, P < 0.05). The detection rate of arsenism and arsenic content of coal also had close relationship (r = 0.761, P < 0.05). The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis in the group aged 40 - ,50 - , and 60 - [27.20%(34/125) ,29.27%(36/123), 28.13%(36/128)] was increased, compared the group of less than 40 years age[7.77%( 15/193), X~2 = 21.969,25.648,23.856,P<0.01].For the detection rate of arsenism,male[33.67%(99/294)]was obviously higher than female[12.00%(33/275),)(X~2=37.162,P<0.01].Conclusions A high detection rate of fhorosis is correlated with arsenic poisoning,but the probability of the two diseases simultaneously occurred in a person is not high.In this polluted area.when fluoride accumulates to a certain level as in aduh,the detection rates no longer varies obviously;however,that of arsenism increases along with the age.

Objeetive To evaluate the changes of left ventricular(LV) global and segmental volume, LV outlet pressure and their co-relationship, and to access LV global and segmental systolic function and mechanical asynchrony in different LV electro-mechanical patterns using full volume three-dimensional echocardiography(3DE). Methods Nineteen open-chest canine models were employed for the acquirement of LV full volume dynamic 3DE imaging during right atrial appendage (RAA), right ventricular apical (RVA), LV lateral wall(LVL) and LV apical(LVA). LV outlet end-systolic pressure(ESP) was recorded simultaneously. End-systolic volume (ESV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), global and segmental ejection fraction(EF) and systolic dyssynchrony index(SDI) of LV were measured and calculated using a dedicated workstation. The average ascending rate of LV pressure during systole(+ dp/dt) and the average descending systolic pressure(ESP), + dp/dt and - dp/dt during RVA pacing were lower than those during RAA pacing (P <0.05). SDI during RVA pacing was higher than that during RAA pacing(P<0.05). ESP, + dp/dtand - dp/dt during LVL and LVA pacing were lower than those during RAA pacing (P <0.05). There and LVA pacing was higher than that during RVA pacing (P <0.05),SD1 during LVL pacing was lower than that during RVA pacing (P <0.05), there was no significant difference of SDI between RVA and LVA and LVL pacing. Segmental EF of septum and apex during LVI. pacing were higher than those during LVA pacing (P <0.05). @Segmental EF of anterior and post septum and all apical segments (except lateral wall) during RVA pacing were lower than those during RAA pacing (P <0.05). Segmental EF of lateral and anterior wall during I.VI. pacing were lower than those during RAA pacing (P <0.05). Segmental EF of anterior wall and anterior septum during LVA pacing were lower than those during RAA parameters. Conclusions The global and minority segmental systolic function of LV during RAA pacing could be reduced compared with normal sinus rhythm. All the ventricular pacing worsen LV systolic and diastolic function compared with RAA pacing. LV systolic function during LVL pacing was superior to RVA pacing. During ventricular pacing,the systolic function at nearby segments of the pacing site was depressed.

Objective To assess subendocardial systolic circumferential strain(CS),radial strain(RS)and radial displacement(RD)of left ventricle(LV)in short-axis view and LV global systolic function in open-chest canine model with acute myocardial ischemia using velocity vector imaging(VVI),and to establish their spatial correlationships.Methods Left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD)was ligated for 20 minutes to induce acute myocardial ischemia in 12 open-chest canine model.At baseline and 20 minutes after ischemia,two-dimensional dynamic gray-scale images of three standard left ventricular short-axis views at the levels of mitral annulus,papillary muscle and apex and the images of LV apical fourchamber and two-chamber view were acquired and transfefred to VVI workstation for off-line analysis.Peak systolic CS,RS and RD of eighteen segments and of three global short-axis sections of LV were measured at subendocardium.and LV ejection fraction(LVEF)and stroke volume(SV)were calculated using Simpson's method.The differences and correlationships were analyzed between them.Resuls Compared with the value at baseline,LVEF decreased significantly(P＜0.05)after ischemia.The peak systolic subendocardial CS,RS and RD of the affected segments,global CS,RD at papillary muscle and apex views and global RS at apex view were significantly lower than those at baseline after ischemia(P＜0.05).There was a good linear correlationship between the peak systolic CS and RD of 17 segments(except the middle segment of LV lateral wall after ischemia)and each global short-axis level before and after ischemia(r=0.662-0.995,P＜0.05,P＜0.01 or P＜0.001),The peak systolic RS of six segments and each global short-axis level(except the apex level at baseline)was correlated with RD(r=0.580-0.916,P＜0.05,P＜0.01 or P＜0.001);There was not statistical correlationship between global RDs and SV as well as LVEF.Conclusions Subendocardial circumferential strain and radial displacement may sensitively reflect the changes of regional and global myocardial systolic function induced by acute myocardial ischemia.The significant correlationship between subendocardial circumferential systolic strain and radial displacement might indicate that circumferential deformation of myocardium result in the changes of the radial displacement mainly.

Objectives To explore the expression of HER4 and VEGF in NSCLC and elucidate the relationship between their expression and the characteristic of clinical pathology. Methods 82 cases of paraffin-embedded tissues from informative NSCLC were used to detect the expression of HER4 and VEGF by means of immunohistochemical assay. Results HER4 is overexpressed in 65;9%of NSCLC cases. The overexpression of HER4 is correlated with the lymph node metastasis and TNM staging. VEGF is expressed in 53.7%of NSCLC cases. The expression of VEGF is also correlated with the lymph node metastasis and TNM staging, and the expression of VEGF is correlated with the overexpression of HER4.Conclusions HER4 and VEGF are the protein to regulate the growth of NSCLC and it might be a good way for the treatment of NSCLC by suppressing the overexpression of HER4 and VEGF.

In a fusion of BABL/C murine spleen cells immunizated with human fetal thymocytes and P_3X_(3)Ag_(,3), myeloma cells, six monoclonal antibodies(McAb) were produced. They were termed HIT_1. HIT_2. HIT_3. HIT_4.HIT_(6-1) and HIT_(6-2), respectively. The specificity of these McAbs were analysed by indirect immunofluorescence technique and FACS.Results showed that they reacted with 80～90%thymocytes,but hardly with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spleen cells in adults,and nonreactive with red blood cells, granulocytes and platelets, According to their reaction with the tonsil cells, we can divide these six McAbs into three groups: Groupl including HIT_1, HIT_2, and HIT_(?) McAbs reacted approximately with 1/3 tonsil cells; basically GroupⅡ including HIT_(6-1) and HIT_(6-2) McAbs gave negative reaction with tonsil cells; GroupⅢ McAb HIT_4 reacted with 15% tonsil cells, which suggested these were a heterogeneous group McAbs with different specificities. In comparision with OKT series of McAbs in thymus, peripheral blood and tonsil, HIT_(1-3) are similar to OKT_(10) and,HTT6-l and HIT_(6-2) are just like OKT_6,but HIT_4 seems to be a new McAb different frOm HIT_(1-3) and HIT_(6-1) HII_(6-2). The competitive binding assay showed that HIT_(6-1) and HIT_(6-2) labeled with FITC can be inhibited by unlabeled HIT_(6-1) and HIT_(6-2) each other and can also be blocked by OKT_6, suggesting further these antibodies recognized a same epitope on thymocytes. Cross reaction were also demonstrated on HIT_1, and HIT_2 but not on HIT_3, suggesting HIT_1 and HIT_2 recognized the same determinant and HIT_3 recognized another. So six antibodies are McAbs against T cell differentiation antigens.They are useful for research the differentiation of T cells and the classification of malignant lymphadenosis diseases.

Objective To introduce the technique and experience in reconstruction of posterior crueiate ligament-posterolateral comer(PCL-PLC)injuries with only one allograft of Achilles tendon. Methods The instable knees in 12 cases with PCL injury combined with three degree chronic PLC injury were treated with PCL reconstruction under arthroscope and PLC reconstruction through posterolateral arc incision.Single bundle grafts of PCL reconstructions in tibial and femoral tunnels were fixed by resorption screws.Fibular collateral ligament(FCL)and popliteofibular ligament(PFL)were reconstructed with reforming Larson(?)method.All reconstruction grafts only needed one Achilles tendon as donator.Total op- eration time was 130 minutes including 90 minutes of PCL reconstruction and 40 minutes of PLC recon- struction.Gradual weight loading was allowed after six weeks of bracing.Results Follow-up for mean 12 months(5-24 months)indicated that tibial“step off”reduction was 83%(10/12)and posterior drawer test of 0-1~+ 75%(9/12).Dial sign evaluated that normal external rotation angle was 75%(8/12).Nor- real varus stress test at 30?knee flexion accounted for 83%(10/12).Scores of Lysholm,Tegner and HSS were 90.5,5.1 and 84.5,respectively(P＜0.01=.Conclusion Synchronized reconstruction of PCL and PLC injuries with only one Achilles tendon can obtain satisfactory clinical result,with less expense and shorter operation time.

Objective To study the mRNA expression of HS1-associated protein X-1(Hax-1),an an- ti-apoptosis genc,in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)of patients with systemic lupus erythe- matosus(SLE),and further investigate the roles and significance of Hax-1 in the pathogenesis of SLE.Meth- ods Generation of longer cDNA fragments from serial analysis of gene expression(SAGE)tags for gene identi- fication(GLGI)was applied to identify the gene Hax-1 according to the Long SAGE tag.Then reverse tran- scription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)technique was used to semiquantitatively analyze mRNA ex- pressions of Hax-1 in PBMC from 34 active SLE patients and 25 healthy subjects.Results Compared with healthy controls,there was significant difference between SLE patients in the active stage and the normal controls(Z=-4.556,P＜0.01).The average level of mRNA expression in active SLE group was higher than that in healthy controls.Significant difference was found between the group with mild SLE and either the moderate or the severe one(P＜0.01).Conclusion The mRNA expression level of Hax-1 in active SLE group increase markedly,and to some extent,it is related to the activity of SLE.This provides a valuable basis for the further study on the role of apoptosis in SLE.

The L-ATC hydrolase and L-SCC amidohydrolase which convert L-ATC to L-cysteine in Pseudomonas sp.TS-1138 are purified about 83.9 and 90.3 fold by salting-out method, Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography, DEAE-cellulose 52 ion exchange and Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography, etc. The purified enzyemes are both demonstrated by SDS-PAGE to be a homogeneous protein. Their molecular weight are about 37.5kD and42.8kDa respectively. The optimum reaction temperature are both 35℃, and the optimum pH are 7.0 and 8.0 respectively. The Km of the two enzymes are 0.67 mmol/L and 0.15 mmol/L, and the Vmax are 0.39?10 -3mmol/L?min and 0.42?10 -3mmol/L?min respectively.