ObjectiveTo analyze the risk factors for false negative diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) by capsule endoscopy.MethodsA total of 133 OGIB inpatients,104 in true positive group and 29 in false negativc group,were reviewed.The features of demography,diseases and capsule endoscopy were collected and then analyzed,which included 10 variables like age,sex,time of bleeding,diseases accompanied,type and location of the disease,hemoglobin concentration,transit time of CE,quality of CE pictures and type of purgative agents.All data were analyzed with t test,and all the enumeration data were analyzed with chi square test.Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between the factors and results of diagnosis.ResultsAge ( t =2.095,P =0.038 ),concentration of hemoglobin ( t =2.143,P=0.034),type (X2 =20.222,P ＜0.001) and location (X2 =33.732,P ＜0.001) of the diseases,image quality of the CE (X2 =9.219,P =0.002 ) and the type of purgative agents (X2 =6.999,P =0.024) were found to have statistical differences between the two groups.Chi-square and partition Chi-square test revealed the occurrence of civerticulosis and lesion location,i.e.lower ileum and ileumcecum,were of statistical difference between the two groups (X2 =22.233,P ＜ 0.001 and x2 =24.412,P ＜ 0.001 ).Univariate logistic regression showed diverticulosis ( OR =0.102,P ＜0.001 ),lower bowel diseases ( OR =0.110,P ＜0.001 ),poor quality of CE pictures ( OR =0.258,P =0.004 ) and the use of sodium phosphate agent ( OR =0.367,P =0.027) were risk factors for false negative diagnosis,while older age facilitated diagnosis ( OR =1.024,P =0.041 ).However,multivariate logistic regression showed no statistic significance in type of purgative agent ( P =0.05 ) or the concentration of hemoglobin ( P =0.394).Furthermore,elder age facilitated positive diagnosis ( OR =1.031,P =0.032),while diverticulosis ( OR =0.118,P =0.001 ),lower bowel diseases ( OR =0.145,P =0.001 ) and poor quality of CE pictures ( OR =0.245,P =0.016) were correlated with higher probability of false negative diagnosis.ConclusionAge,disease type,disease location and image quality exert great influence on CE diagnosis.Diverticulosis,lower location of the diseases and poor CE image quality are risk factors for false negative diagnosis.

This paper reviews the current developing situation of neuroprostheses which are based on the functional electrical stimulation (FES) technique and are used to provide limb movements. It also discusses the major challenges of neuroprostheses, which will be faced in the future development and in the clinical applications for the rehabilitation of spinal cord injury and stroke.
Electric Stimulation Therapy ; methods ; trends ; Extremities ; physiology ; Humans ; Movement ; physiology ; Prostheses and Implants ; Prosthesis Design ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Stroke ; physiopathology ; therapy

BACKGROUNDMultimodal cocktail periarticular injection (MCPI) with a large volume of low concentration local anesthetics, adrenaline, and anti-inflammatory agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug or steroids have shown good pain control and improvement in range of motion after surgery. This study compares the efficacy of pain control after total knee arthroplasty, using multimodal cocktail periarticular injection with steroid or without steroid.

METHODSThis is a prospective, double-blinded, randomized and control study. Seventy-two patients with osteoarthritis that met clinical criteria for total knee arthroplasty were recruited into the study, and were randomized to receive either multimodal cocktail periarticular injection with steroid or without steroid. Pain was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) at preoperative and postoperative at rest, and during activity. The range of motion was recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. The amount of daily and cumulative morphine consumption were measured by patient-controlled analgesia in the first 72 hours postoperatively. The duration of celecoxib usage was also recorded at the last follow-up.

RESULTSThere were no differences between the non-steroid and steroid groups with regard to VAS at rest and during activity, or range of motion, at any postoperative observation time. The postoperative Knee Society Knee Score in the steroid group improved significantly as compared with that in non-steroid group at the one-month (84.1±13.1 and 65.9±12.1; P < 0.0045), three-month follow-up (90.2±16.3 and 72.5±16.6; P < 0.0027), but after postoperative six-month the Knee Society Knee Score showed no significant difference between the groups. There was no significant difference in consumption of the morphine about daily or total consumption within 72 hours between the two groups. The duration of celecoxib usage in patients in the steroid group was significantly shorter than that in the non-steroid group ((7.2±0.7) compared with (10.5±1.9) weeks; P = 0.012).

CONCLUSIONThe patients who received the steroid injection had faster rehabilitation and less non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs consumption.

Aged ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; methods ; Celecoxib ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Injections, Intra-Articular ; Male ; Pain Measurement ; Pyrazoles ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Steroids ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Sulfonamides ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use

BACKGROUNDThis study was to examine the expression of total vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the anti-angiogenic VEGF 165 b isoform in the vitreous body of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) patients, and to further study the role of the VEGF splicing in the development of ROP.

METHODSThis was a prospective clinical laboratory investigation study. All patients enrolled received standard ophthalmic examination with stage 4 ROP that required vitrectomy to collect the vitreous samples. The control samples were from congenital cataract patients. The expression of total VEGF and the anti-angiogenic VEGF 165 b were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results were analyzed statistically using nonparametric tests.

RESULTSThe total VEGF level was markedly elevated in ROP samples while VEGF 165 b was markedly decreased compared to control group. The relative protein expression level of VEGF 165 b isoform was significantly decreased in ROP patients which were correlated with the ischemia-induced neovascularization.

CONCLUSIONSThere was a switch of VEGF splicing from anti-angiogenic to pro-angiogenic family in ROP patients. A specific inhibitor that more selectively targets VEGF 165 and controls the VEGF splicing between pro- and anti-angiogenic families might be a more effective therapy for ROP.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Protein Isoforms ; metabolism ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism ; Vitreous Body ; metabolism

Neural oscillations cross-frequency coupling (CFC) refers to the effect of the cross modulation between the electrophysiological oscillation rhythm in different ensembles of neurons. The CFC can reflect the mechanism of information transfer and exchange of local field potentials, electroencephalograph (EEG) and other neural electrophysiological activities at different spatial and temporal scales and plays an important role in the study of cognitive function. This paper introduces the basic phenomenon and classifications of neural oscillation CFC briefly, and reviews the typical applications in the study of the animal cognition model and human cognitive function in recent years, respectively. The main problems are also summarized and the future research is prospected in order to provide new ideas to promote the study and application of the CFC.