Drug addiction is a chronic recrudescent brain dis-ease. Various addictive drugs acting on the reward system result in rewarding effects through changes in neurotransmitter patholog-ical release. Among these monoamine neurotransmitters, 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine and dopamine play key roles in drug addiction. This paper reviews, from a comprehensive perspective, the roles which monoamine neurotransmitters play in the drug addiction and the process of getting addictive.

Background and purpose: Blood biochemistry, ascites test and imaging diagnosis have low sensitivity for the diagnosis of abdominal neoplasma. And also exploratory laparotomy is not suitable for late stage patients. Real-time three-dimensional(3D) ultrasound is a new method in the diagnosis of celiac disease. We aimed to explore the application of this new tool in the diagnosis of abdominal cavity metastases of malignant tumor. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with malignant tumor preoperatively underwent both 2D and real-time 3D ultrasound examination The results were compared to pathological and clinical outcomes. Any one of those signs such as abdominal cavity mass, abdominal cavity lymphadenectasis, thickening of the peritoneum, nodules over the peritoneal and abdominal organs surface were considered as abdominal cavity metastases. Results: Twenty-five of them were pathologically confirmed to have abdominal cavity metastases. The diagnosis correlation rate of 2D and real-time 3D in the diagnosis of abdominal cavity metastases of malignant tumor were 42.86% and 92.86%, respectively. The sensitivity of these two methods was 37.5% and 95.83%, respectively. The speificity of two methods was 75.0%. The detection rates of the two methods were 16% and 96%, respectively. There were highly significant differences between two groups (P<0.001).Conclusion: Real-time 3D ultrasound had more value in the diagnosis of abdominal cavity metastases of malignant tumor in terms of sensitivity, specificity and positive detection.

Objective To assess the changes of left ventricule and analyze the influential factors in pulmonary hypertension (PH) by comparing the changes of left ventricular volume and function using single cardiac cycle real-time three dimensional echocardiography ( sRT-3DE ) and two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE).Methods In case group,there were 30 inpatients diagnosed as PH,systolic pulmonary artery pressure(PASP)≥40 mmHg estimated by echocardiography,excluding left heart disease or congenital systemic-pulmonary circulation shunt.There were 30 healthy people as control group.Conventional 2DE and sRT-3DE were performed in both groups and obtained 2D and 3D parameters.Results ①In case group,the 2D-LVEF were significantly larger than 3D-LVEF (P ＜ 0.01 ).There was less agreement of 2DE and 3DE in case group than in control.②Comparing with the control group,left ventricular EDV,ESV and SV in ease group decreased ( P ＜0.01 ),so as to 3D-LVEF ( P ＜0.05).The left ventricular spherical index(SIs,SId)and eccentric index (EId,EIs ) in case group were significantly larger than those in control group ( P ＜0.01 ).③LVEDV in case group was negatively correlated with PASP (r =- 0.47),and positively correlated with RVSV and RVEF ( r =0.84,0.66) ;3D-LVEF in case group was negatively correlated with PASP ( r =- 0.54),and positively correlated with RVSV and RVEF ( r =0.58,0.53); there was no significant correlation between LVEDV and RVEDV.LVEDV was negatively correlated with SIs and SId ( r =-0.65,-0.61),so as to EId and EIs ( r =-0.67,0.67).LVEF was negatively correlated with SIs and SId ( r =-0.64,-0.61),so as to EId and EIs ( r =-0.66,-0.68),and the corresponding P all above were less than 0.01.Conclusions PH can result in reductions of left ventricular volume and systolic function,and the variations of which have the correlations with the severity of PH and the increase in SI and EI.sRT-3DE can provide a method to get more accurate information of left ventricle.

Objective To optimize the matrix formulation of the extract of Chuanxiong Rhizoma cataplasm. Methods The optimal proportion of matrix formulation was selected by uniform design and response surface method. The primary adhesion force, lasting adhesion force, peel strength and residuals on the anti-sticking paper were used as test parameters. The optimal ratios of NP-700, glycinate aluminum, glycerin, tartaric acid, the concentration of drug, and the volume of drug were acquired. Results The matrix formulation of the cataplasm was made with NP-700∶glycinate aluminum∶glycerin∶tartaric acid∶concentration of drug∶volume of drug=1.1∶0.08∶7∶0.04∶4∶5. Conclusion Uniform design combined with response surface method can be used for the optimization of the matrix formulation of cataplasm. The optimal matrix prescription has higher drug-loading, with good spreadability, moisture-retention capability and adhesive force.

Objective To study classroom teaching quality evaluation standards from two perspectives of teachers and students,and comparatively study difference of evaluation standards for teachers and students.Methods Questionnaire survey method is adopted.Classroom teaching quality evaluation entry questionnaire is distributed to 320 teachers and 560 students.SPSS 18.0 software is utilized for statistical analysis on the collected data.Expert consultation method is applied to determine membership degree on the analysis results.Finally,14 experts and 20 students are invited to sequence the importance of each dimension obtained after membership determination.Expert evaluation method is used for calculating the weight of each dimension thereof.Results Generally,the results show that all the teaching quality evaluation standards which have been selected by teachers and students can be assorted into 5 dimensionalities,namely teaching content,teaching method,teaching norm,teaching organization and students' learning condition.Particularly,teachers maintain that 23 indicators can be chosen to assess the classroom teaching quality while students think that 24 items are qualified for evaluating the room teaching quality,and they reach a consensus in 13 items.Besides,there is a big difference in their weight of the 5 dimensionalities.Conclusions By comparing and analyzing the choices and opinions about the classroom teaching quality evaluation standard between teachers and students,we learn that the two relative groups' assessments and comments are far different mainly attributing to their different evaluation perspectives on classroom teaching quality.Therefore,we advise different evaluation indicator systems should be adopted respectively for evaluation subjects in classroom teaching quality evaluation.

Objective:To explore the correlation between the indexes of tongue coating exfoliated cells and the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndromes of patients with chronic gastritis.Methods:One hundred and forty-eight patients with chronic gastritis in our hospital from March 2017 to May 2018 were selected and divided into 4 groups, including 36 patients with spleen and stomach weakness syndrome, 39 patients with liver-stomach discordance syndrome, 32 patients with stomach yin deficiency syndrome, and spleen and 41patients with stomach damp-heat syndrome according to the TCM classification. In addition, another 50 healthy people without cold and heat deficiency syndrome were selected as healthy control group. The maturity index (MI) and mature value (MV) of tongue coating exfoliated cells, chemical indicators and cell cycle of tongue coating exfoliated cells were detected. The spearman rank correlation method was used to analyze the indicators of tongue coating exfoliated cells and TCM syndromes.Results:Compared with the healthy control group, the subjects with spleen and stomach weakness syndrome, liver-stomach discord syndrome, stomach-yin deficiency syndrome, spleen-stomach damp-heat syndrome showed significantly higher percentage of intermediate cells [(14.85 ± 4.03) % vs. (26.47 ± 3.94) %, (22.32 ± 5.41) %, (31.47 ± 3.28) %, (35.62 ± 3.96) %, P<0.05], significantly lower percentage of surface cells [(85.15 ± 5.33) % vs. (73.53 ± 6.47) %, (77.68 ± 5.38) %, (68.53 ± 4.20) %, (64.38 ± 4.39) %, P<0.05], and significantly lower percentage of MV value [(92.61 ± 3.74) % vs. (83.52 ± 3.10) %, (87.64 ± 2.95) %, (79.38 ± 3.21) %, (75.63 ± 2.83) %, P<0.05]. Compared with the healthy control group, the ACP, LDH, SDH, and -SH in tongue coating exfoliated cells of subjects with spleen and stomach weakness syndrome, liver and stomach discordance syndrome, and stomach yin deficiency syndrome were all significantly decreased ( P<0.05), while ACP, LDH, SDH, and -SH in subjects with spleen and stomach damp-heat syndrome were all significantly increased ( P<0.05). the percentage of cells in G1 phase of subjects with gastric yin deficiency and spleen and stomach damp-heat syndrome were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), while the percentage of S phase cells were significantly increased ( P<0.05). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that each syndrome type was correlated with ACP, LDH, SDH, -SH ( r values were 0.608, 0.712, 0.704, 0.631, respectively, all Ps<0.05). Conclusion:Patients with different TCM syndromes of chronic gastritis may have different morphological changes of tongue coating exfoliated cells, large differences in cell cycle, and different levels of cell biochemical indicators.

The L-cysteine desulfhydrase gene (cd) of Pseudomonas sp.TS1138 was amplified by PCR,and the amplified gene was recombined in the cloning vector pBluescript SKII.The 1.2kb DNA fragment containing cd was sequenced,and its homology with other desulfhydrases was blast; then the cd was cloned into the expression vector pET-21a(+), and afterward expressed by IPTG inducement.The expression protein was purified by Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin.Then the expression protein was identified by the method of activity staining of desulfhydrase, and the characterization of L-cysteine desulfhydrase and the critical role it played in the L-cysteine biosynthetic pathway were discussed.

BACKGROUND: Previously, more researches are about the pathological changesinskeleton, nerveandmuscularofcongenitalclubfoot(CCF). Researches are exploring the changes in the surrounding soft tissues of the deformed feet.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between the pathogeny,pathology and pathogenesis of CCF and extracellular matrix (ECM).DESIGN: A completely randomized controlled trial.SETTING: Institute of Orthopeadics of the Fourth Military Medical University.PARTICIPANTS: The study was conducted in the Institute of Orthopeadics of the Fourth Military Medical University from November 1997 to August 2003. The deep fascia of study group was obtained from 15 CCF patients who received operative corrections including 11 males and 4 females with an average of 9 months. Five infant corpses who died from non-neural muscular diseases and non-collagen diseases aged between 4 and 21 months with an average age of 11 months were selected in the control group.METHODS: Immunohistochemical investigation was used for the assay of both study and control group. Slices were quantitatively analyzed by Letica Q,570c color image analysis and management system.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive expressions of collagen Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, and the relative contents in the deep fascia of both groups.RESULTS: The grey values for relative contents of collagen Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ in the interior foot were 116. 43 ± 11. 80, 132. 91 ± 8. 88, and 184. 40 ± 11.82respectively in the study group, and 169.28 ± 8.17, 176. 33 ± 9.47, and 194. 38 ±5.87 in the control group. The contents of collagen Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲincreased in the contractured tissues of CCF group with the most significant increase in collagen Ⅰ, followed by collagen Ⅲ and the increase of collagen Ⅱwas least. Additionally, collagen Ⅰ was negatively correlated with collagen Ⅲ. The positive expression of collagen Ⅱ might be an accompanying phenomenon, which had no correlation with collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ.CONCLUSION: ECM changes in CCF are accorded with fibrosis in tissues and organs and general fibroelastosis. Therefore, CCF might be caused by the fibrosis of interior foot.

In order to investigate the characteristics of transdermal delivery of ferulic acid under the treated of microneedle arrays and the influence on permeability of rat skin capillaries, improved Franz-cells were used in the transdermal delivery experiment with the rat skin of abdominal wall and the length of microneedle arrays, different insertion forces, retention time were studied in the influence of characteristics of transdermal delivery of FA. The amount of FA was determined by HPLC system. Intravenous injection Evans blue and FA was added after microneedle arrays treated. Established inflammation model was built by daubing dimethylbenzene. The amount of Evans blue in the rat skin was read at 590 nm wavelength with a Multiskan Go microplate reader. Compared with passive diffusion group the skin pretreated with microneedle arrays had a remarkable enhancement of FA transport (P <0.01). The accumulation of FA increased with the enhancement of insertion force as to as the increase of retention time. Microneedle arrays with different length had a remarkable enhancement of FA transport, but was not related to the increase of the length. The research of FA on the reduce of permeability of rat skin capillaries indicated that the skin pretreated with microneedle arrays could reduce the content of Evans blue in the skins of rat significantly compared with the untreated group. The permeation rate of ferulic acid transdermal delivery had remarkable increase under the treated of microneedle arrays and the length of microneedle arrays ,the retention time so as to the insertion force were important to the transdermal delivery of ferulic acid.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Coumaric Acids ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Needles ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin Absorption