AIM:To analyze the characteristics of optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) in diabetic optic neuropathy ( DON ) retrospectively.
●METHODS:Retrospective study. A total of 175 cases of type ll diabetes with fundus lesions from Dec. 2013 to Dec. 2015 were selected and the clinical information was collected. These cases were diagnosed by consultation between Departments of Ophthalmology and Endocrinology in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiao Tong University. The results of body examination were recorded and cases were examined by color fundus photography, fluorescein fundus angiography ( FFA) and OCT. All these data were analyzed.
●RESULTS: A total of 49 cases ( 90 eyes, 25. 7%) were diagnosed DON through FFA which manifested abnormal fluorescence in optic papilla. Results of OCT showed:among 90 eyes of DON patients, 15 eyes ( 16. 7%) had normal optic nerve form; 20 eyes(22. 2%) of excavation of optic disc became smaller or disappeared, with prelaminar tissue and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) swelling;26 eyes (28. 9%) manifested optic cup deep and cup/disc ratio increasing;18 eyes (20. 0%) had tissue hyperplasia in the hollow or on the surface of optic disc; 11 eyes(12. 3%) had symptoms including vitreous traction optic papilla and optic disc rim rising. DON eyes which had similar fluorescence features could manifest different tissue morph by OCT.
●CONCLUSION: FFA defines DON by change of blood circulation in optic nerve. However, OCT can show differences of tissue morph of optic nerve that FFA fails to do. So OCT can manifest the causes and sites of optic neuropathy more clearly and also provide basis for treatment. The advantages of OCT are conducive to reviews and curative effect tracking among DON patients and these advantages including noninvasive, convenient, inexpensive and repeatable.

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effect of lateral intracerebroventricular injection of Apelin-13 on the YAP expression and the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in Wistar rats.Methods Healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the sham group, cerebral I/R group and Apelin-13 treatment group.The middle cerebral artery occlusion model was established with ischemia for 1 hour and reperfusion for 24 hours after restricting food and water intake for 12 hours.Apelin-13 was injected into rats' lateral ventricles of Apelin-13 treatment group after reperfusion.Neural function defects was assessed.The volume of infarction was evaluated by TTC staining.The expression levels of YAP were detected by western blot.Results Compared with the cerebral I/R group,the rats in the Apelin-13 treatment group had abetter neurologic score ((2.67±0.33) vs (1.67±0.33) , P＜0.05), the infarction volume was decreased ((30.60± 1.42) ％ vs (23.70± 2.20) ％,P＜0.05) , and YAP expression level was increased in each part of the cerebral tissue(P＜0.05).Conclusion Apelin-13 has a neuroprotective effect,which plays the therapeutic effect by regulating the expression of YAP on cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury in Wistar rats.

Objective To conduct morphological observation and gene identification of the strain of flagellate iso -lated from Cricetulus migratorius in the Xinjiang Research Center for Experimental Animals .Methods The ileocecal con-tents of C.migratorius were microscopically examined on direct smear with Wright-Giemsa staining , and the total RNA iso-lated from Xinjiang C.migratorius was extracted and 16S rRNA was amplified by PCR , and then sequenced .Furthermore the homology was compared and the phylogenetic tree was developed using MEGA 5.22 software.Results Morphological observation indicated that the isolated flagellate was Tritrichomonas muris.The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the Xinjiang C. migratorius isolate shared highly homology with that of other Tritrichomonas.Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the 16S rRNA gene of Xinjiang C.migratorius isolate was classified into a subgroup with T.muris 16S rRNA (U85966.1), but was relatively distant relative from other related tritrichomonas.Conclusions The flagellate isolated from Xinjiang C. migratorius is identified to be T.muris by both morphological observation and 16S rRNA gene analysis.

Yunnan sudden death syndrome (YSDS) is an abruptly fatal disease of unknown etiology, found mostly in central or northwestern mountain area (with altitude between 1,815 and 2,225 meters) of Yunnan province from June to September every year. It occurs mostly in young female adults, with high incidences in Lisu, Yi and Miao ethnics and high familial aggregation. The clinical manifestation of YSDS is changeful and the pathological characteristic is lack of specificity. The pathogenesis may be attributed to several factors including poor hygiene and lower socioeconomic conditions, lack of Selenium or Chromium, infection of Coxsackie B virus, mushroom consumption and special geological conditions. This article reviews the epidemiologic features, clinical manifestations, pathological features, etiology and hypothesis in order to provide clues for the research of YSDS.
Adult ; China ; Death, Sudden/pathology* ; Female ; Humans ; Syndrome

OBJECTIVETo study the impact of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) on body mass index (BMI) in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP).

METHODSOne hundred and thirty-four girls with ICPP were enrolled. Fifty-seven out of the 134 girls were treated with GnRHa for 1.69±0.43 years. The height, weight, bone age and BMI were measured before treatment, at the end of the treatment and after reaching near adult height and compared with those in the untreated 77 girls.

RESULTSThe adult predicted height standard deviation score (SDS) at the end of treatment was significantly higher than that before treatment (P<0.01) and was similar to the target height SDS in the GnRHa treatment group (P>0.05). With GnRHa treatment, the near-adult height SDS was higher than the target height SDS (P<0.01). At the end of treatment, the BMI SDS slightly increased compared with pretreatment level (P>0.05). A significant reduction in the BMI was observed when reaching the near-adult height in the GnRHa treatment group compared to the level of pretreatment and the untreated group (P<0.01). However, the BMI in the GnRHa treatment group before treatment, at the end of the treatment and after reaching near adult height remained in the normal range (±1 SD).

CONCLUSIONSGnRHa may improve the final height in girls with ICPP. The alterations of BMI after GnRHa therapy fluctuate in a normal range.

Body Height ; drug effects ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Puberty, Precocious ; drug therapy ; physiopathology

This study was purposed to investigate the intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene K469E (A/G) (rs5498) and K56M (A/T) (rs5491) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) levels in plasma in three Chinese populations of Yugur, Tibetan and Han nationalities, to analyze comparatively the genotypes and allele frequencies distribution in different ethnic groups, and to explore the effects of ICAM-1 K469E and K56M polymorphism and sICAM-1 levels in plasma. EDTA-anticoagulant venous blood from Yugur(327 cases), Tibetan (400 cases) and Han (126 cases) people was collected, the DNA was extracted by using whole blood genomic DNA extraction kit, DNA SNP were analyzed by PCR-RFLP, genotype was judged by gel scan imaging system after agarose gel electrophoresis, the gene sequence was determined and the distribution of ICAM-1 genotypes and allele frequencies were compared among different ethnic groups, besides, the group representativeness was tested via the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium. Finally, the human sICAM-1 plasma levels were detected by using human ICAM-1 ELISA kit. The results showed that DNA sequencing result was consistent with PCR-RFLP analysis. In Yugur, Tibetan and Han nationalities, the KK, KE and EE three genotypes at ICAM-1 K469E gene locus were detected, the genotype distribution was not statistically significantly different, while the K, E allele frequency distribution was statistically significantly different (P < 0.05). Both of genotype and allele frequency distribution between Yugur, Tibetan and Han nationalities were statistically significantly different (P < 0.05). In K56M site only KK, KM two genotypes were detected, but the MM genotype was not detected in the three ethnic groups; the difference of two genotypes and K, M allele frequencies between Yugur and Han population was statistically significantly different (P < 0.05). Among three ethnic groups, the sex ratio and age distribution of K469E, K56M genotypes and allele frequencies of ICAM-1 gene were not significantly different, and distribution was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium (P > 0.05). The plasma sICAM-1 level at ICAM-1 K469E allele locus in K individuals [(253 ± 122), (185 ± 97) µg/L] was higher than that at non-K allele [(145 ± 110) µg/L, P < 0.01]; the plasma sICAM-1 level of ICAM-1 K56M sites with KK genotype [(253 ± 122) µg/L] was higher than that of the KM genotypes [(168 ± 103) µg/L, P < 0.01]. In Yugur and Tibetan groups, the plasma sICAM-1 levels [(224 ± 80), (214 ± 111) µg/L] were higher than that in the Han group [(175 ± 125)µg/L, P < 0.05]. Pairwise comparison indicated that the plasma sICAM-1 levels between Yugur and Han group were statistically significantly different (P < 0.01), that was significantly different between Tibetan and Han group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that in Yugur, Tibetan and Han population, the genotypes and gene frequencies of two amino acid sites K469E and K56M in ICAM-1 were KK/KE-type, KK-type and K allele, moreover, the ratio of them in Yugur and Tibetan group was higher than that in Han, while there is not significant difference in sex ratio and age distribution, therefore, ICAM-1 genotype and allele frequency distribution in this study had ethnic representativeness. ICAM-1 gene K469E and K56M polymorphisms were likely to affect the plasma sICAM-1 expression level. K469E gene K allele may be a genetic risk factor, while K56M gene M allele a may be genetic protective factor for some diseases.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Ethnic Groups ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; blood ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plasma ; metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Young Adult

The aim of this study was to investigate the similarities and differences of A1381T (rs216311) and -1793G/C (rs7966230) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in Chinese Yugur, Tibetan, and Han nationalities and their influence on plasma vWF concentration in order to explore the sensitivity of these 3 nationalities to vWF-related diseases. Peripheral venous blood was obtained from 322 Yugur, 399 Tibetan, and 120 Han healthy people. The DNA were then extracted. vWF gene A1381T and -1793G/C polymorphisms were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequenced when it was necessary. The vWF:Ag level in plasma was determined by ELISA. The results showed that the genotype distribution of vWF gene at both A1381T and -1793G/C loci in Yugur, Tibetan and Han nationalities was different with statistically significance (P < 0.05). GG genotype of A1381T locus accounted for 69.9% in Yugur nationality, which was much higher than 56.6% and 53.3% in Tibetan and Han nationalities respectively(P < 0.01); AA genotype of A1381T locus expressed a low level of vWF in plasma. For the -1793G/C locus, the proportion of CG genotype in Yugur was much higher than that in Han, CC genotype expressed a high level of vWF in plasma. The plasma vWF levels with different nationalities and the polymorphism of vWF gene were significantly different. It is concluded that the polymorphisms of vWF gene at both A1381T and -1793G/C loci in Yugur, Tibetan and Han are significantly different; the polymorphism of vWF gene influences the plasma vWF level; the plasma vWF levels in Yugur and Tibetan are significantly higher than that in Han, which may be associated with the living environment and habits.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; Ethnic Groups ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plasma ; chemistry ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Young Adult ; von Willebrand Factor ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the bracket bond failure and its causes between adult and adolescent patients during fixed orthodontic therapy.

METHODSBracket bond failure data of 30 adults and 30 adolescents, receiving fixed orthodontic therapy, have been collected within the first 12 visits, respectively. The compliance has been analyzed with survival analyse between the two groups.

RESULTThe general bracket bond failure rate in the adult group is lower than that of the adolescent group and the difference is significant (p < 0.05). In the adolescent group, the failure rate for mandibular anterior teeth is highest and different from that of the adult group (p < 0.05). The failure rate resulted from biting hard food is ranked No. 1.

CONCLUSIONSThe compliance of the adults receiving fixed orthodontic therapy is better than that of the adolescents. The investigation of bracket bond failure causes is beneficial in helping orthodontists improve orthodontic practice and raise clinical efficiency. The survival analysis is effective in evaluating the bond failure.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Equipment Failure ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Orthodontic Brackets ; Orthodontics, Corrective ; Survival Analysis

Based on the deletion information of high virulent PRRSV genome, 3 oligonucleotide primer were designed and synthesized. Specific and sensitive reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays were de-veloped for the detection of high virulent PRRSV. The sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR assays were evaluated, the results showing that the detection limit of the assay was found to be 0.265 pg of tissue total RNA, and the protocol have no cross-reaction with classical swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2,pseudorabies virus, streptococcus, haemophilus parasuis and Escherichia coli. Then 36 cell cultures, two PRRSV live vaccine strains and 184 clinical specimens from 52 farms were tested. Five PRRSV field iso-lates were the high virulent PRRSV; two PRRSV live vaccine strains from normal PRRSV, and 123 speci-mens from 42 farmer were positive (only 1 specimen was normal PRRSV). This RT-PCR method proved to be accurate differential diagnosis of the high virulent PRRSV and normal PRRSV with the characteristics of rapidity, sensitivity and specificity, and has a strong clinical relevance.

OBJECTIVETo observe the incidence of elimination delay in high dose methotrexate (HDMTX) therapy, its side effects and influence to next course of chemotherapy and analyze the relationship between the dosage, the duration of MTX infusion and the morbidity of the elimination delay.

METHODSA total of 121 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (497 infusions of HDMTX) were analysed in this study. The elimination delay rate and the adverse effects in different dose groups (3 g/m2 vs 5 g/m2) and different infusion duration groups (7 h vs 24 h) were compared. The adverse effect evaluation was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Toxicity Grading Criteria. The rescue dosages of calcium folinate (CF) among these groups were compared through CF/MTX index.

RESULTSThe overall morbidity of elimination delay was 12.1% with a relative risk of 30.6% for the first time. The relative risk for the second time of occurrence was increased to 45.9% (P < 0.01) and it was not significantly increased for the third time (35.3%). Children with elimination delay had lower platelet count (P < 0.01) and higher CF rescue dosage (P < 0.01), while the damage of oral mucous membrane was more severe (P < 0.05) and the next course of chemotherapy would be postponed for a median of 4 days in 3 g group. There was no significant difference in elimination delay rates between 3 g and 5 g groups (12.1% vs 12.0%, P > 0.05), and between 7 h and 24 h MTX infusion groups (13.6% vs 11.9%, P > 0.05). The only side effect occurred in 5 g group was gastrointestinal morbidity. The CF/MTX index of 5 g group without elimination delay was less than that of 3 g group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONElimination delay in HDMTX therapy accompanies the suppression of bone marrow and damage of oral mucous membrane, which need more CF rescues and will postpone the following course of chemotherapy. Elimination delay is not associated with the duration of the infusion and the dosage of MTX within the range of 3 approximately 5 g/m2 but there are individual differences.

Adolescent ; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Methotrexate ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Nausea ; chemically induced ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; drug therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Vomiting ; chemically induced ; Young Adult