OBJECTIVE To understand the epidemic condition on the resistant plasmids and their homology of the Staphylococcus aureus obtained from two hospitals in Gansu Province.METHODS The antibiotic sensitivity test,plasmid elimination,plasmid profile,and restriction endonuclease profile were used in analyzing the S.aureus resistant plasmids.RESULTS We isolated 15 strains of S.aureus from 196 samples in two different hospitals,the isolation rate was 7.7%.From them 86.7% isolates were resistant to the seven commonly used antibiotics in different degree.Only 13.3% strains were just resistant to one antimicrobial,the multi-resistant strains amounted for 46.7%.There were 12 isolates carried plasmids(80.0%).The results of plasmid elimination showed 11 strains carried resistant plasmids,and the one with 38 kb was a popular plasmid.The endonuclease profiles revealed that the same source strains had certain homology,there were similiar endonuclease profiles among strains in different wards.CONCLUSIONS The popular plasmids in different wards have certain homology,and they can be transferred among different strains of bacteria.

Objective The effectiveness on the enrichment of nuclear red blood cells(NRBC) in umbilical cord blood by polyvinylidene difluoride membrane was investigated with intervention on membrane ionic channels.Methods NRBC was isolated by the isolation solution with a density of 1.067 g/ml.The rates of the cell enrichment using verapamil and furosemide intervention by discontinuous density centrifugation were examined by flow cytometry.The NRBC that past through PVDF membrane with pore size of 5 ?m were checked and quantified by nested-PCR.Results The optimal centrifugation density was 1.067 g/ml.The mean purity of NRBC after centrifugation was 2.54%,yet the purity after intervention increased to 9.36%(3.7-fold increment).The NRBC passing through PVDF membrane was from 0.83% to 6.15%,with enrichment of 7.4 times.When NRBC was 120 cells/ml,the density of the nested PCR products increased by nearly 4 times after intervention(4.48 vs 17.78).Conclusions Verapamil and furosemide could affect the morphology of cells and promote the rate of NRBC enrichment.

Objective To find out the influencing behavioral factors of antibiotics usage in population in Lanzhou. Methods Status of antibiotics usage was investigated in four hospitals in Lanzhou. Results The self-medicine pro portion among patients with respiratory system infection, infectious di arrhea, urinary system infection and choleic system infection were 44.22%, 31. 76%, 22.07% and 6.61% respectively. Patients having higher income used some antibiotics at a middle price, while patients having lower income used antibiot ics at a lower price. The educate d person applied some antibiotics at a lower price, but the illiterate person us ed some antibiotics at a higher price. The combined usage of antibio tics was affected by the disease program and distance of seeing doctor. The fart her distance away from hospital, the more proportion of antibiotics(two or thre e) used combinedly. Conclusions The antibiotics usage was affe cted by the disease variety, disease program, distance to hospital, average inco me and educ ated level.

Objective To explore the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of fever and rash syndrome a mong children under the age of five years in Northwest China from 2009 to 2015.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted based on the monitoring data in sentinel hospitals,which was from the information management system of national infectious disease monitoring from 2009 to 2015 in Gansu,Qinghai,Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang.Results The results showed that the major pathogens of fever and rash syndrome among children under the age of five years were enterovirus,measles virus,varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and rubella virus.The major pathogens among children in the age group of 0-years and in the age group of 1-5 years were measles virus and enteroviruses,respectively.Among the positive cases of enterovirus,the positive detectable rates of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackie A16 (CA16) were 47.18％ and 45.59％,respectively.The incidences of enterovirus and measles virus infection were mainly concentrated on May to July and March to May,respectively.Conclusions The major pathogens of fever and rash syndrome among children under the age of five years in Northwest china were enterovirus and measles virus with seasonal epidemic characteristics.Therefore,the prevention and control of measles and hand-foot-mouth disease should be strengthened.

Objective To reduce the cancer burden in the Jinchang cohort and provide evidence for developing cancer prevention strategies and performing effectiveness evaluation in the Jinchang cohort.We are fitting thirteen years of cancer mortality data from the Jinchang cohort by using six kinds of predicting methods to compare relative fitness and to select good predicting methods for the prediction of cancer mortality trends.Methods The mortality data of cancer in Jinchnag cohort from 2001-2013 were fitted using six kinds of predicting methods:dynamic series,linear regression,exponential smoothing,autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model,grey model (GM),and Joinpoint regression.Weight coefficients of combination models were calculated by four methods:the arithmetic average method,the variance inverse method,the mean square error inverse method,and the simple weighted average method.Results The cancer mortality was fitted and compared by using six kinds of forecasting methods;the fitting precision of the Joinpoint linear regression had the highest accuracy (87.64％),followed by linear regression (87.32％),the dynamic series (86.99％),GM (1,1) (86.25％),exponential smoothing (85.72％) and ARIMA (1,0,0) (81.98％),respectively.Prediction accuracy of the combination model derived from GM (1,1) and linear regression (＞99％) was higher than that of the combination model derived from ARIMA (1,0,0) and GM (1,1).The combination model derived from the GM (1,1) and linear regression,with weight coefficients based on the arithmetic average method and the mean square error inverse method,had the best prediction effect of the four weight calculation methods.Conclusion Prediction accuracy of the combination model,with accuracy ＞95％,was higher than that of the single prediction methods.

Objective To explore the current situation and influencing factors on Classroom Mobile Phone Dependence Syndrome (CMPDS) among college students,and to provide scientific basis for guiding college students to use mobile phones reasonably and healthily.Methods Stratified cluster sampling method was used.Students from different majors and different grades in Lanzhou University were included as the research objects.Classes were recognized as a unit in receiving basic field investigation in this questionnaire related study.Informed consent principles were followed and process of survey was anonymously carried out.Results The overall rate of CMPDS in college students was 8.7％,including ‘mild rate'as 6.6％ and ‘seriously mild rate'as 2.1％.No significant differences were found on genders or grades.Factors as shopping in the classroom shopping (OR=3.720),being bored on courses (OR=1.740),WiFi coverage (OR=1.787),time of practice in the classrooms (OR=1.514),and the total time of daily mobile phone use (OR=1.513) etc,appeared as risk factors related to CMPDS among the college students.However.shooting courseware (OR=0.579) appeared as a protective factor.Conclusions Rate of CMPDS was high in college students and we suggested to form a joint task force among the college authority,teachers and students to work on the related problems.Hopefully,the serious CMPDS condition will be minimized and both physical and mental health of the college students be improved.

Cancer control is a long-term work.Cancer research and intervention really need the support of cohort study.In the recent years,more and more cohort studies on cancer control were conducted in China along with the increased ability of scientific research in China.Since 2010,Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,collaborated with Lanzhou University and the Worker's Hospital of Jinchuan Group Company Limited,have carried out a large-scale cohort study on cancer,which covered a population of more than 50 000 called "Jinchang cohort".Since 2012,a National Key Public Health Project,"cancer screening in urban China",has been conducted in Jinchang,which strengthened the Jinchang cohort study.Based on the Jinchang cohort study,historical cohort study,cross-sectional study and prospective cohort study have been conducted,which would provide a lot of evidence for the cancer control in China.

Objective:To explore the effect of long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM 10) on the prevalence of diabetes and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Methods:The subjects of the study were from the baseline population of "Jinchang Cohort", and 24 285 subjects were finally included after excluding incomplete home address information and diabetic diagnosis information. The demographic characteristics, lifestyle and health status of the survey subjects were collected through questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory tests. ArcGIS software was used to match the nearest environmental monitoring stations for each subject according to residential address. Two-year average concentrations of PM 10 were calculated to estimate exposure level. The logistic regression and the multiple linear regression were conducted to assess the effects of ambient PM 10 on the prevalence of diabetes and FPG. The restricted cubic spline was used to quantify the dose-response relationship. Stratified analysis and effect modification analysis were also performed. Results:The age of 24 285 participants was (49.32±8.60) years, and the BMI was (24.22±6.09) kg/m 2. There were 13 950 (57.44%) males and 2 066 (8.51%) diabetic patients. After adjusting for confounders, for every 10 μg/m 3 increase in the average PM 10 concentration in the first two years of the survey, the prevalence of diabetes increased [ OR (95% CI) =1.05 (1.01-1.09)]and the FPG level elevated [β (95% CI) = 0.061 (0.047-0.076) mmol/L]. The results of the restricted cubic spline analysis showed a nonlinear relationship between PM 10 concentration and FPG level ( P<0.001). Further subgroup analysis showed that female [ OR (95% CI) =1.10 (1.03-1.18)], people over 50 years old [ OR (95% CI) =1.06 (1.02-1.11) ], subjects with family history of diabetes [ OR (95% CI) = 1.13 (1.04-1.23) ], and with hypertension [ OR (95% CI) = 1.07 (1.02-1.12) ] had a stronger association between the prevalence of diabetes and PM 10 exposure (all P interaction values were<0.05). The effects of PM 10 on FPG were more significant in people older than 50 years[β (95% CI) = 0.080 (0.050-0.109) mmol/L], with family history of diabetes [β (95% CI) = 0.087 (0.036-0.137) mmol/L], and hypertension [β (95% CI) = 0.077 (0.046-0.108) mmol/L] (all P interaction values were<0.05). Conclusions:Long-term exposure to ambient PM 10 increases the diabetes prevalence and FPG. People older than 50 years old, with family history of diabetes and hypertension could be more sensitive to the effects of PM 10 exposure.

Objective Previous studies on the association between lipid profiles and chronic kidney disease(CKD)have yielded inconsistent results and no defined thresholds for blood lipids. Methods A prospective cohort study including 32,351 subjects who completed baseline and follow-up surveys over 5 years was conducted.Restricted cubic splines and Cox models were used to examine the association between the lipid profiles and CKD.A regression discontinuity design was used to determine the cutoff value of lipid profiles that was significantly associated with increased the risk of CKD. Results Over a median follow-up time of 2.2(0.5,4.2)years,648(2.00%)subjects developed CKD.The lipid profiles that were significantly and linearly related to CKD included total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),TC/HDL-C,and TG/HDL-C,whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and LDL-C/HDL-C were nonlinearly correlated with CKD.TC,TG,TC/HDL-C,and TG/HDL-C showed an upward jump at the cutoff value,increasing the risk of CKD by 0.90%,1.50%,2.30%,and 1.60%,respectively,whereas HDL-C showed a downward jump at the cutoff value,reducing this risk by 1.0%.Female and participants with dyslipidemia had a higher risk of CKD,while the cutoff values for the different characteristics of the population were different. Conclusion There was a significant association between lipid profiles and CKD in a prospective cohort from Northwest China,while TG,TC/HDL-C,and TG/HDL-C showed a stronger risk association.The specific cutoff values of lipid profiles may provide a clinical reference for screening or diagnosing CKD risk.

Objective:To explore the effect of long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM 10) on the prevalence of diabetes and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Methods:The subjects of the study were from the baseline population of "Jinchang Cohort", and 24 285 subjects were finally included after excluding incomplete home address information and diabetic diagnosis information. The demographic characteristics, lifestyle and health status of the survey subjects were collected through questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory tests. ArcGIS software was used to match the nearest environmental monitoring stations for each subject according to residential address. Two-year average concentrations of PM 10 were calculated to estimate exposure level. The logistic regression and the multiple linear regression were conducted to assess the effects of ambient PM 10 on the prevalence of diabetes and FPG. The restricted cubic spline was used to quantify the dose-response relationship. Stratified analysis and effect modification analysis were also performed. Results:The age of 24 285 participants was (49.32±8.60) years, and the BMI was (24.22±6.09) kg/m 2. There were 13 950 (57.44%) males and 2 066 (8.51%) diabetic patients. After adjusting for confounders, for every 10 μg/m 3 increase in the average PM 10 concentration in the first two years of the survey, the prevalence of diabetes increased [ OR (95% CI) =1.05 (1.01-1.09)]and the FPG level elevated [β (95% CI) = 0.061 (0.047-0.076) mmol/L]. The results of the restricted cubic spline analysis showed a nonlinear relationship between PM 10 concentration and FPG level ( P<0.001). Further subgroup analysis showed that female [ OR (95% CI) =1.10 (1.03-1.18)], people over 50 years old [ OR (95% CI) =1.06 (1.02-1.11) ], subjects with family history of diabetes [ OR (95% CI) = 1.13 (1.04-1.23) ], and with hypertension [ OR (95% CI) = 1.07 (1.02-1.12) ] had a stronger association between the prevalence of diabetes and PM 10 exposure (all P interaction values were<0.05). The effects of PM 10 on FPG were more significant in people older than 50 years[β (95% CI) = 0.080 (0.050-0.109) mmol/L], with family history of diabetes [β (95% CI) = 0.087 (0.036-0.137) mmol/L], and hypertension [β (95% CI) = 0.077 (0.046-0.108) mmol/L] (all P interaction values were<0.05). Conclusions:Long-term exposure to ambient PM 10 increases the diabetes prevalence and FPG. People older than 50 years old, with family history of diabetes and hypertension could be more sensitive to the effects of PM 10 exposure.