The lymphatic vessels and regional nodes of the nasopharynx in 70 foetuses and infant cadavers were studied with the method of injection of the lymphatics of the organ.There is a network of lymphatic capillaries in the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, which drains into the submucous lymphatics. The latter join together to form a number of efferent ducts.The efferents emerging from the posterior wall of the nasopharynx end in the retropharyngeal lateral and medial nodes, or pass to the posterior aspect of the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein and end in the upper deep cervical nodes lying deep to the tip of the mastoid.The lymphatics emerging from the lateral wall drain into the nodes right under the base of the skull anterior to the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein, or descend to the jugulodigastric node, and the upper deep cervical nodes between the beginning point of the lingual artery and the bifurcate point of the common carotid artery.

Objective To investigate the causes and prevention of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods Clinical data of 16 cases of bile duct injury during LC between January 2004 and November 2013 (9 cases from Songqiao Central Hospital and 7 cases from Northern Jiangsu People ’ s Hospital ) were analyzed retrospectively .The bile duct injury was found intraoperatively in 10 cases, 4 of which were given common bile duct repaired with T tube drainage , 1 of which was given common bile duct anastomosisd with T tube drainage , 1 of which was given Roux-en-Y anastomosis , and 4 of which were given suturing of leakage at the gallbladder bed .The bile duct injury was found postoperatively in 6 cases, 3 of which were given peritoneal drainage , 2 of which were given reoperation of bile duct repaire with T tube drainage , and 1 of which underwent percutaneous gallbladder drainage guided by B ultrasonography . Results The hospitalization stay was 12-23 days, with an average of 16.3 days.All the patients were cured after treatment .Among the 16 cases of bile duct injury , the T tube was removed 3 months later in 6 cases of common bile duct repaired with T tube drainage , and the T tube removed 6 months later in 1 case of common bile duct anastomosis with T tube drainage.No complications or dysfunctions occurred in postoperative follow-up ranging from 3 months to 8 years. Conclusions We should pay more attention to causes of bile duct injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy , especially indications for emergency cases .The relationship among the common hepatic duct , common bile duct , and cystic duct should be carefully identified .A timely conversion to open surgery is needed if necessary .

Objective To analyze the conditions of antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)and provide reference for clinical rational use of drugs.Methods The clinical data of 1 69 hospitalized patients with AF from July 201 4 to September 201 4 in Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University were retrospectively analyzed.The risk stratification for thromboembolism,types of AF,drug selection,drug combination and adverse reactions were analyzed.Results In 1 69 patients with AF,the proportion of valvular AF was 1 4.20%(24 /1 69)and non -valvular AF was 85.80%(1 45 /1 69),the patients with AF aged over 60 years old accounted for 84.62%.In the antithrombotic therapy,warfarin accounted for 94.87% (74 /78),the average daily dosage was (2.51 4 ±0.842)mg,the cases with INR between 2.0 to 3.0 accounted for 41 .89%(31 /74).The incidence rate of adverse reactions was 2.56%(2 /78).Conclusion The antithrombotic therapy is obviously insufficient,the clinical pharmacists should analyze the factors which influence the treatment and promote the rational use of antithrombotic therapy in AF patients.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technology play an important role in studying diseases in vitro. iPSC disease model was based on the iPSC technology, and has achieved important results in many diseases. For those spe-cific genetic diseases that are relatively easy to simulate, iPSC disease model is especially useful. This technology can direct-ly obtained required material from patients, which is free from ethical constraints and rich in cell sources . iPSC disease model as widely used in studying disease mechanism, drug screening, safety inspection, cell therapy, and so on. It is expect-ed to be used in gene correction, gene repair and to obtain the required target cells for the treatment. Cells modification caused by reprogram, lacking of optimum experimental scheme for cell differentiation and difference in genetic backgrounde limit the application of iPSC disease model. More advanced nonintegrated programming technology, improvement of culture conditions, stricter quality control and setting up the standard for iPSC disease model will help to solve these problems.

Objective To observe the features of soluble MHC class I chain-related gene A (sMICA)in patients with gastric cancer of different differentiation degrees, the relationship between sMICA and the stage of gastric cancer and the relationship between sMICA and the metastasis of gastric cancer. To provide a new and useful marker in the differential diagnosis and staging of gastric cancer. Methods The peripheral blood examples of 200 gastric cancer patients and 60 health donors were collected. The serum levels of soluble MICA of peripheral blood were determined by MICA-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results The serum levels of sMICA in the patients with gastric cancer and health donors were (359.45 ±114.15) pg/ml and (210.07 ±31.01) pg/ml respectively. sMICA levels in the patients were significantly higher than those of the health donors (t =16.58, P <0.05). There were not significant differences among the poorly differentiated, the moderately differentiated and the well differentiated adenocarainoma(P >0.05). The serum levels of sMICA in the patients with gastric cancer steped up gradually while increasing of the TNM stages.There were significant differences between stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ, stage Ⅱand Ⅳ, stage Ⅱ and Ⅳ (P <0.05). The serum levels of sMICA in the patients with gastric cancer steped up gradually while aggravating of metastasis extent.Conclusion sMICA-release of MICA from cancer cells may reduce the expression of NKG2D. This may impair NKG2D-mediated immune surveillance of gastric cancer and leads to the tumor escaping; In the patients with gastric cancer, the serum levels of sMICA correlate with cancer stage and metastasis but show no correlation with cell differentiation.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the content and mode of pharmaceutical care for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS:Taking pharmaceutical care for 4 ACS patients as example,the contents of pharmaceutical care provided by clinical pharmacists during ACS treatment were summarized involving antiplatelet drugs,anticoagulant,anti-myocardial ischemia drug,statins. RESULTS:Through pharmaceutical care,clinical pharmacists found and resolved ADR during ACS treatment timely. The symptoms of patients were improved. CONCLUSIONS:Clinical pharmacists provide reasonable suggestion for ACS treatment to guarantee safe,reasonable and effective use of drugs in the clinic.

BACKGROUND:Homing is the initial and key procedure of stem cel s-based tissue restoration. Current studies have shown that the inability to recruit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s to target tissue with high efficiency remains a significant barrier to tissue restoration. Preconditioning strategy provides a new insight to promote stem cel homing. OBJECTIVE:To review preconditioning strategies for promoting the homing of stem cel s. METHODS:In PubMed database, different combinations of terms from“stem cel , mesenchymal stem cel s, preconditioning, homing, migration”served as search terms to retrieve articles referring preconditioning strategies for promoting mesenchymal stem cel homing published from January 2000 to September 2015. According to the inclusion criteria, 72 articles were selected for final review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Pretreating target tissue or mesenchymal stem cel s ahead of cel transplantation, known as tissue preconditioning or cel preconditioning, prominently promotes the homing of mesenchymal stem cel s, therefore enhancing tissue restoration effect. Tissue preconditioning is designed to up-regulate expression of chemokines by varying the local microenvironment, thereby increasing homing ability of mesechymal stem cel s. Mesenchymal stem cel preconditioning strategies, for example, gene modification and cytokine induction, are mainly to up-regulate expression of chemokine receptors on the surface of mesenchymal stem cel s as effectors, and thus promote targeted cel homing. Overal , preconditioning strategy wil bring great hope to apply stem cel therapy into the clinic.

Objective To explore the effect of atorvastatin in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its clinical application value.Methods 110 patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were randomly divided into observation group and control group,55 cases in each group.The control group was given compound dichloroace-tate diisopropylamine orally,the observation group was given atorvastatin therapy.The effects of the two groups were recorded.Results In the observation group after treatment,the alanine aminotransferase was (39.78 ±3.45) U/L, aspartate aminotransferase was (29.17 ±3.17) U/L,gamma glutamine transpeptidase was (54.28 ±4.11) U/L.In the control group after treatment,the alanine aminotransferase was (52.78 ±6.81) U/L,aspartate aminotransferase was (39.96 ±6.21)U/L,gamma glutamine transpeptidase was (68.69 ±8.31)U/L,there were statistically signifi-cant differences between the two groups(t=12.6290,11.4770,11.5273,all P<0.05).In the observation group after treatment,the triglycerides was (1.66 ±0.32)mmol/L,total cholesterol was (3.27 ±0.37)mmol/L,low density lipo-protein was (1.94 ±0.45)mmol/L.In the control group after treatment,the triglycerides was (2.38 ±0.92)mmol/L,total cholesterol was (5.74 ±1.49)mmol/L,low density lipoprotein was (3.46 ±1.17)mmol/L,there were statis-tically significant differences between the two groups(t=5.4818,11.9316,8.9925,all P<0.05).In the observation group after treatment,the ultrasonic score was (1.33 ±0.12),liver/spleen CT ratio was (0.33 ±0.08).In the con-trol group after treatment,the ultrasonic score was (1.78 ±0.35),liver/spleen CT ratio was (0.47 ±0.21),there were statistically significant differences between the two groups(t =9.0197,4.6202,all P <0.05).Conclusion Atorvastatin in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can effectively improve the liver function,reduce blood lipid concentration,minor adverse reactions,and it is worth popularizing in clinical use.

A new disease of Rhubarb occured in Gansu Province of China was reported.The disease appears along the veins of lower leaf surface of Rhuaarb (Rheum palmatum) with swelling,and shows a reddish-purple color at the beginning and turns pale brown late. On the leaf appears yellowish reticulated sppts, in Petioles the spots are tumourlike blisters arranged in rows.The growth of the smaller and in severe attacks the whole plant eventually withered.The causal pathogen was identified as a smut Thecaphora schwarzmaniana and seems to be the first reported case that occurs in China.Methods for its control are suggested.

Objective To explore the effect of estradiol benzoate on the expressions of heat shock protein (HSP)70, 90 in endometrial glandular epithelial cell. Methods Normal endometrial glandular epithelial cells were isolated, and cultured by enzymolysis method and identified by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. The normal endometrial glandular epithelial cells were treated with culture medium only, estradiol benzoate (10 -9 , 10 -8 , 10 -7 or 10 -6 mol/L), estradiol benzoate(10 -9 , 10 -8 , 10 -7 or 10 -6 mol/L) and antiestrogen ICI 182780(fulvestrant,faslodex, 1?mol/L)and ICI 182780 only for 6, 12, 18, 24 hours respectively. The dose-and time-related effect of estradiol benzoate and ICI 182780 on the cell growth was measured by mononuclear cell direct cytotoxicity assay (methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay), and that on the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 in normal endometrial glandular epithelial cell in vitro was measured by immunohistochemical analysis and computerized image analysis system. Results Estradiol benzoate stimulated cell growth in a time-and dose-dependent manner and the effect was attenuated by the antiestrogen ICI 182780. The average cell growth rates of 10 -9 , 10 -8 , 10 -7 , 10 -6 mol/L estradiol benzoate for 24 hours were(170?9)%,(207?11)%,(231?12)%,(257?10)%, which were significantly higher than those of 6 hours (117?13)%, (129?10)%, (146?10)%, (176?6)%, P