We present MR diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) findings of status epilepticus in two patients. DWI showed a focal or diffuse hyperintensity with decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, indicating cytotoxic edema in the cerebral hemispheric cortices. The hyperintensities were located in the bilateral temporoparietooccipital areas and insular cortex in one patient, and unilaterally in the temporal lobe in the other patient.
Diffusion ; Edema ; Humans ; Status Epilepticus* ; Temporal Lobe

Leiomyoma and adenomyosis of the uterus are the most common gynecologic disorders in an enlarged uterus. The characteristic US and MR findings in differentiation between both lesions were prospectively evaluated in 30 patients. Of 30 patients, 15 were leiomyomas, 6 were adenomyosises, 8 were leiomyomas and adenomyosises, and 1 was a normal pregnancy, histologically. The total number of leiomyom nodules were 49 while adenomyosises were 14 (9 diffuse and 5 focal). Among 49 myomas nodules, 36 were correctly diagnosed by sonography. The characteristic US findings of uterine leiomyoma were well defined nodules (36), hypoechoic peripheral rim (16), and whorl-like internal echoes (13). Forty four of the 49 myoma nodules were correctly diagnosed by MRI. The characteristic MR findings of myoma were well defined nodules (43), peripheral low signal intensity rim on T1WI (13) and T2WI (9), and peripheral high signal intensity rim on T2WI (5). Among 14 adenomyosises, 9 were correctly diagnosed by sonography. The characteristic US findings of adenomyosis were diffuse uterine hypertrophy more than 5.5cm in AP diameter with endometrial displacement and no significant echo change in myometrium All 14 adenomyosis as were correctly diagnosed from MRI. On T2WI, adenomyosis appeared as ill defined localized or diffuse thickening of the junctional zone more than 1cm in thickness. It was our conclusion that to differentiate between leiomyoma and adenomyosis focused on should be the detection of existence of nodule in leiomyoma, the primary sign, not on the secondary indirect sign.
Adenomyosis* ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Leiomyoma* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mice ; Myoma ; Myometrium ; Pregnancy ; Prospective Studies ; Uterus

BACKGROUND: Adequate depth of anesthesia requires a sufficient amount of the agent to secure unconsciousness and other components of anesthesia as needed for that particular surgical procedure, without jeopardizing vital organ functions. To evaluate the relationship of depth of anesthesia to EEG, we studied the effects of increasing minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (arousal, 1, 1.3, 1.5 MAC) on power spectral analysis of the EEG. METHODS: To determine 1 MAC, we studied sixty patients undergoing general anesthesia who were randomly allocated to receive isoflurane at several predetermined end-tidal concentration. A minimum of 15 min was allowed between induction and skin incision to allow steady state condition. Patients were observed for gross purposeful movement for 60 seconds after incision. The MAC was calculated using maximum likelihood solution to a logistic regression model. Another forty patients were randomly allocated to have their EEGs recorded. General anesthesia was induced with oxygen and isoflurane only. After loss of consciousness, succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg was given and intubation followed. The EEG was recorded awake and after 15 min at steady state conditions of 1, 1.3 and 1.5 MAC isoflurane had been achieved. Spectral edge frequency 95% (SEF95), median spectral frequency (MSF), total power (TP) and relative power in the delta, theta, alpha and beta band were calculated. RESULTS: The MAC of isoflurane was 1.21 vol% (20 - 40 years) and 1.09 vol% (40 - 60 years). The distribution of spectral EEG indices of the EEGs were established and compared. The threshold value of SEF95 14 Hz to differentiate between arousal and 1.3 and 1.5 MAC had a sensitivity of 60.5% (1.3 MAC), 71% (1.5 MAC) and specificity of 74.4% (1.3 and 1.5 MAC) and that of MSF 5 Hz had a sensitivity of 71% (1.3 MAC), 81.5% (1.5 MAC) and specificity of 48% (1.3 MAC), 48.8% (1.5 MAC). CONCLUSIONS: With regard to the dose-related decrease in SEF95 and MSF under increasing end- expiratory concentrations of isoflurane as described in the present study, future studies may have todetermine whether EEG feedback control of volatile anesthetic administration may be used successfully. It seems that if neglected parts by MSF and SEF95, which are really true values are considered in the future studies, those would increase the sensitivity and specificity of EEG could be used as tool for determining depth of anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Arousal ; Electroencephalography* ; Humans ; Intubation ; Isoflurane* ; Logistic Models ; Neurofeedback ; Oxygen ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Skin ; Succinylcholine ; Unconsciousness

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Paradoxical reaction after midazolam administration is relatively uncommon and can obstruct the performance of ERCP. But it can not be predicted before drug administration. We investigate the difference in occurrence of paradoxical reaction according to personal characteristics and clinical status of patients. METHODS: During 155 ERCP procedures, we injected midazolam and meperidine intravenously for conscious sedation until deep sleep occurred. Among 155 patients, 108 patients did not showed paradoxical reaction (group I) and 47 patients (30.3%) showed gross behavioral disturbance and/or agitation (group II). Paradoxical agitation was seen in 9 (7.1%) procedures. RESULTS: Type A-like personality (p=0.002), sleep-talking habit (p=0.026) and presence of pain at the beginning of ERCP (p=0.036) and during ERCP (p=0.021) were seen more frequently in group II. Duration of ERCP was longer (p=0.034) and dosage of midazolam was larger (p=0.009) in group II. In multivariate analysis, having sleep-talking (OR, 5.5), type A-like personality (OR 3.9) and dosage of midazolam (OR 1.3) were risk factors of paradoxical reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Paradoxical agitation after midazolam administration was uncommon and can be managed with flumazenil. Paradoxical reaction can be predicted more often in patients with type A-like personality, sleep-talking habit, complaining pain before ERCP, and in patients injected large dosage of midazolam.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Conscious Sedation* ; Dihydroergotamine ; Flumazenil ; Humans ; Meperidine ; Midazolam* ; Multivariate Analysis ; Risk Factors

Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcomas (EES) are rare. Recently, Ewing's sarcoma of the bone, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), Askin tumor and EES have been included into the family of Ewing's tumors, due to the overlapping features relating to their clinico-pathological and cytogenetic appearance. We experienced a case of an EES arising from the duodenum in a 14-year-old girl who presented with hematemesis and epigastric discomfort. A duodenal biopsy specimen revealed the infiltration of small round cells and rich vasculatures, with immunohistochemical finding of MIC-2 (CD99) (+), vimentin (+), CD56 (NCAM) (+), LCA (-), T-cell (-), B-cell (-), CD43 (-) and CD68 (-). She was treated with several cycles of multiagent chemotherapy, and achieved an initial partial response, but rapid progression of tumor followed, so she was treated with surgical excision. This is the first case report of an EES arising from the duodenum in the literature.
Adolescent ; B-Lymphocytes ; Biopsy ; Cytogenetics ; Drug Therapy ; Duodenum* ; Female ; Hematemesis ; Humans ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive ; Sarcoma ; Sarcoma, Ewing* ; T-Lymphocytes ; Vimentin

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the outcome of intensified induction therapy using the Vanderbilt regimen in patients with a poor prognosis non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the results of two pilot studies, which enrolled the patients aged 60 years or less, with a previously untreated NHL of intermediate grade on the Working formulation, having 2 or 3 adverse prognostic factors on the age- adjusted International Prognostic Index. Patients received an intensified induction, with the regimen described by the Vanderbilt group. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were analyzed. After induction, 29 patients (83%) achieved more than partial response (PR): 22 (63%) complete response (CR) and 7 (20%) PR. Three of the PRs were subsequently converted to CR following consolidation therapy. The overall CR rate, following the completion of treatment, was 71%. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of all patients was 53%. In the univariate analysis, age (50 years) was the only factor affecting the OS. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of patients with CR was 68%. In the univariate analysis, age and bone marrow involvement were the factors affecting the DFS. Two patients died from the treatment-related toxicity of the induction therapy: one due to sepsis and the other due to congestive heart failure. CONCLUSION: Although the CR rate was relatively high, the OS or DFS of patients with a poor prognosis NHL, who had received the intensified induction using the Vanderbilt regimen, were no different from those that had received the conventional chemotherapy, as reported by the International Prognostic Index Project. However, the OS or DFS in the young patient groups were encouraging. To test the hypothesized benefits of our approach in the young patient groups, a larger cohort of patients aged 50 years or less should be studied.
Bone Marrow ; Cohort Studies ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin* ; Pilot Projects ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis