Chronic periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases in humans, the main recognized pathogenic bac-terium of which is the Porphyromonas gingivalis. Various types of viruses have been detected in periodontal disease in situ, and the joint action of viral and bacterial pathogens infection mechanism are complicated. Porphyromonas gingivalis has the characteristics resulting from the interaction with a variety of bacterium viruses, which may be the reason for chronic perio-dontitis being a protracted disease associated with a variety of systemic diseases. In this paper, we reviewed the relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis and viral diseases to provide a new idea for the treatment of patients with periodontal disease and viral infections.
Bacteroidaceae Infections ; Humans ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; Virus Diseases

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) on the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cell and to identify the role of Pg in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

METHODSA cell culture model of vascular endothelial cell treated by Pg was used in vitro. The cells' ability of proliferation was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, and cell cycle and the percentage of apoptosis with or without Pg invasion were examined by flow cytometry.

RESULTSInvasion of Pg could inhibit the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells at 72 h (F = 786.68, P < 0.01), and induce apoptosis at 24 h (F = 1074.56, P < 0.01). In addition, the cell cycle was arrested at G1 phase by the invasion of Pg W83 at 24 h (F = 43.23, P < 0.01) and ATCC 33277 at 48 h (F = 66.72, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSPg may aggregate the inflammation of the vascular endothelial cells through induction of apoptosis, which could be one of the pathologic mechanisms in atherosclerosis.

Apoptosis ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; physiopathology ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; Porphyromonas gingivalis

OBJECTIVE: Studies have indicated that periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection may contributed to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inflammation, oxidative stress and the mechanism on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice with P. gingivalis infection. METHODS: Eight-week-old male ApoE-/- mice (C57BL/6) were maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions and fed regular chow and sterile water after 1 weeks of housing. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: (a) ApoE-/- + PBS (n=8); (b) ApoE-/- + P.gingivalis strain FDC381 (n=8). Both of the groups received intravenous injections 3 times per week for 4 weeks since 8 weeks of age. The sham control group received injections with phosphate buffered saline only, while the P. gingivalis-challenged group with P.gingivalis strain FDC381at the same time. After 4 weeks, oxidative stress mediators and inflammation cytokines were analyzed by oil red O in heart, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot in aorta. RESULTS: In our study, we found accelerated development of atherosclerosis and plaque formation in aorta with oil red O staining, increased oxidative stress markers [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2 and NOX-4], as well as increased inflammation cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] in the serum and aorta of the P. gingivalis-infected ApoE-/- mice. Compared with the control group, there was a significant increase protein level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in aorta after P. gingivalis infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that chronic intravenous infection of P. gingivalis in ApoE-/- mice could accelerate the development of atherosclerosis by disturbing the lipid profile and inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The NF-κB signaling pathway might play a potential role in the P. gingivalis-accelerated atherogenesis.
Animals ; Apolipoproteins E ; Atherosclerosis ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Porphyromonas gingivalis

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is frequently detected in oral tissues. The aim of our study was to identify the prevalence of the detection of periodontopathogenic microorganisms (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola in OLP patients and to compare with this prevalence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in healthy non-OLP patients. Our study included 27 (18 chronic periodontitis (OLPP) and 9 gingivitis (OLPG)) patients diagnosed with OLP along with 26 (13 chronic periodontitis (HP) and 13 gingivitis (HG)) healthy non-OLP patients. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with subsequent reverse hybridization method (micro-IDent) was used for identifying periodontopathogenic microorganisms present in subgingival plaque samples. The percentages of detection for A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola in subgingival plaque samples taken from OLP patients (OLPG and OLPP) were 18.5%, 85.1%, 81.4%, 88.8% and 74%, respectively. Meanwhile, in the non-OLP patients (HG and HP), these values were 7.6%, 50%, 46.1%, 73% and 57.7%, respectively. Thus, comparing the non-OLP groups with the OLP groups, the periodontopathogens' percentages of detection in the OLP groups were higher than those in the non-OLP groups. According to our study results, OLP patients have higher levels of infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola than non-OLP patients. We argue that the high percentages in patients with OLP may help identify the importance of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in the progress of periodontal diseases of OLP.
Actinobacillus Infections ; diagnosis ; Adult ; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ; isolation & purification ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; diagnosis ; Bacteroides ; isolation & purification ; Bacteroides Infections ; diagnosis ; Chronic Periodontitis ; microbiology ; Dental Plaque ; microbiology ; Dental Plaque Index ; Female ; Gingivitis ; microbiology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Lichen Planus, Oral ; microbiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Periodontal Attachment Loss ; microbiology ; Periodontal Index ; Periodontal Pocket ; microbiology ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; isolation & purification ; Prevotella intermedia ; isolation & purification ; Treponema denticola ; isolation & purification ; Treponemal Infections ; diagnosis

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to investigate effects of immunodeficiency on the periodontal infection characters of the specific pathogens of juvenile periodontitis.

METHODSA total of 36 immunodeficient guinea pigs produced by twice whole-body irradiation with 60Co were divided randomly into four groups, in which Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and A. actinomycetemcomitans with P. gingivalis were inoculated into the gingival sulcus of two mandibular incisors respectively. The pigs in the control group did not receive any inoculation. At 2, 3 and 6 weeks after inoculation, three animals in each group were sacrificed successively. Clinical and histological examinations were used to examine the changes in the periodontal tissues. The other 36 normal guinea pigs were divided into four groups and treated in a similar way described above.

RESULTSSignificant periodontal damages were noted in immunodeficient pigs inoculated with A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis in 2 and 3 weeks after bacterial inoculation. The damages were more severe than in the normal groups. The immunodeficient groups demonstrated larger numbers of osteoclasts than the normal groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe loss of periodontal tissue in immunodeficient hosts is much serious than those with normal defence system, after they are infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. Abnormal defence system in hosts may play an important role in onset and development of juvenile periodontitis.

Actinobacillus Infections ; immunology ; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ; Aggressive Periodontitis ; immunology ; microbiology ; Animals ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; immunology ; Female ; Immunocompromised Host ; immunology ; Male ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; Random Allocation

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Radix Scutellariae on the growth, metabolism of Porphyromonas endodontalis (P.e), as a preparation for studying the mechanism of Radix Scutellariae in treating pulp and periapical diseases.

METHODSP.e was chosen as the experimental bacteria. Radix Scutellariae was extracted by means of reflux with 80% ethanol. The value of MIC of Radix Scutellariae was measured by minute amount serial dilusion test, and the production of butyrate was measured by high liquid chromatograph(HPLC).

RESULTSRadix Scutellariae could inhibit the growth of P.e, of which the MIC was 100 mg/L. Following the increase in concentration of Radix Scutellariae, the amount of butyrate decreased to (3.527 +/- 0.009) mg/L, (3.048 +/- 0.005) mg/L, (2.490 +/- 0.011) mg/L, (2.209 +/- 0.016) mg/L, respectively (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONRadix Scutellariae could inhibit the growth and metabolism of P.e and might be an effective agent in treating pulp and periapical diseases.

Bacteroidaceae Infections ; microbiology ; Butyrates ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dental Pulp ; microbiology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Porphyromonas endodontalis ; metabolism ; Scutellaria ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo observe if Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection could enhance the adhesion of human monocytic cell line (THP-1) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).

METHODSPgATCC33277 was cultured in anaerobic jar, and THP-1 was infected with various concentrations of PgATCC33277 at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1: 100 for 8 and 24 hours, respectively. After removal of the free Pg, THP-1 cells were cocultured with HUVEC for 1 hour to observe the adhesion of THP-1 to HUVEC.HUVEC with adhesive THP-1 cells were co-cultured for additional 23 hours. The medium and cells were separately collected. The expression of related chemotactic cytokine[monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1) and interleukin 8(IL-8)] and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTSThe adhesion of THP-1 to HUVEC was enhanced (13.8%-35.2%, P = 0.006) and the expression of ICAM-1 of HUVEC was increased from (132.5 ± 7.7) to (164.9 ± 9.1) ng/L (P = 0.005) after infection for 24 hours by Pg. Both of the secreted MCP-1 and IL-8 elevated after infection of Pg for 24 hours from (183.2 ± 3.1) to (221.0 ± 4.9) ng/L (P = 0.012) and from (587.2 ± 5.1) to (787.2 ± 10.3) ng/L (P = 0.002), respectively.

CONCLUSIONSPg could enhance the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and stimulate the inflammation, suggesting that Pg infection may be one of the risk factors in promoting the development of atherosclerosis.

Bacteroidaceae Infections ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemokine CCL2 ; biosynthesis ; Coculture Techniques ; Endothelial Cells ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; biosynthesis ; Interleukin-8 ; biosynthesis ; Monocytes ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; pathogenicity ; Umbilical Veins

Prevotella bivia is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. A 77-year-old man developed a rapidly growing chest wall abscess due to P. bivia within days. He underwent surgical resection of the infected area; his postoperative course was uneventful. This is the first case of chest wall abscess due to P. bivia infection. Its correct diagnosis cannot be underestimated because fulminant infections can occur in aged or immunocompromised patients if treated incorrectly. Prompt, appropriate surgical management, and antibiotic therapy affect treatment outcome.
Abscess ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Aged ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Prevotella ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Thoracic Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Thoracic Wall ; microbiology ; pathology ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect of longterm and lower oral inoculation with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) on the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knocked out (ApoE(-/-)) mice.

METHODSSix-week-old male ApoE(-/-) mice were inoculated orally with 0.1 ml live Pg(10(13)/L) or bouillon culture-medium quintic per week for 15 consecutive weeks, altogether 75 times of inoculations. The lesion area of atherosclerosis in the aortic tree was measured by en face quantification by red oil O staining method. The atherosclerotic lesion was examined by histopathology. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were compared.

RESULTSAt 22 weeks after inoculation, the mean atherosclerotic lesion area in inoculated mice was (98 363.68 ± 12 043.00) µm(2), which was significantly greater than that in noninoculated mice, which was (62 985.06 ± 7419.64) µm(2) (P = 0.035).

CONCLUSIONSLongterm lower oral inoculation of Pg can accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knocked out mice.

Animals ; Aorta ; pathology ; Apolipoproteins E ; deficiency ; genetics ; Atherosclerosis ; blood ; complications ; pathology ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; complications ; microbiology ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; Random Allocation ; Triglycerides ; blood

OBJECTIVETo establish a 16S rDNA multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for simultaneously detecting P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola in clinical specimens of chronic periodontitis and to study the correlation between different modes of infection and severity of the disease.

METHODSPeriodontal pocket specimens from 152 patients with mild, moderate or advanced chronic periodontitis and gingival sulcus specimens from 30 periodontally healthy individuals were collected and placed in 200 microl lysis buffer. The specimens were incubated in 100 degrees C for 10 min and 10 microl of the supernatant was directly used as PCR template. DNAs from P. gingivalis strain ATCC33277, A. actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4, T. denticola strain FM and E. coli strain DH5alpha were used as positive and negative controls in PCR with all of which were prepared by routing phenol-chloroform method. A multiplex PCR assay, using three sets of primers specific to 16S rDNA genes of the three anaerobes, was developed to detect the specimens. The target amplification fragments from 3 cases of PCR products positive for all the three anaerobes were sequenced after T-A cloning. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the correlation between different coinfection of the three anaerobes and severity of the disease.

RESULTSThe established 16S rDNA multiplex PCR assay was able to detect P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola at a minimum of 10, 20 and 20 cells, respectively. In comparison with the reported corresponding sequences, similarities of the nucleotide sequences from the three anaerobes 16S rDNA amplification fragments were as high as 99.45%, 97.08% and 96.59%, respectively. Of the 30 periodontally healthy gingival sulcus specimens, only one (3.3%) positive for P. gingivalis and two (6.7%) for A. actinomycetemcomitans could be identified but all of the rest were negative. In the 152 CP periodontal pocket specimens, 147 cases (96.7%) were positive for P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and/or T. denticola, respectively, and 5 cases (3.3%) were negative for all the three anaerobes. The positive rate of P. gingivalis detection (91.5%, 139/152) was significantly higher than those of A. actinomycetemcomitans (72.4%, 110/152) and T. denticola (80.9%, 123/152) (chi(2) = 7.07, 18.67; P < 0.01). 89.8% of the specimens from patients showed coinfections with two (26.5%) or three anaerobes (63.3%), and the coinfection rates in the specimens from moderate and advanced CP were remarkably higher than that from mild CP (chi(2) = 10.43, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe 16S rDNA multiplex PCR established in this study showed high sensitivity and specificity, which could be used to detect P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola in clinical specimens. CP was an disease caused by multiple pathogenic microbes while the synergistic pathopoiesis of the three microbes was closely related to the severity of the disease.

Actinobacillus Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Adult ; Aged ; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ; isolation & purification ; Bacteroidaceae Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Periodontitis ; microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; isolation & purification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Treponema denticola ; isolation & purification ; Treponemal Infections ; microbiology