In 682 bacteriological specimens, the positives are 71.4%. Acute otitis media, chronic otitis media, chronic maxillary sinusitis, acute tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis are the most positive specimens. In general, the most effective antibiotic are: augmentine, ceftriaxone in acute otitis media, and vancomycine, gentamycine in chronic otitis media, and augmentin, gentamycine in chronic maxillary sinusitis, cefortaxime, ceftriaxone in acute tonsillitis, and augmentin cefotaxime in chronic tonsillitis
Bacteriological Techniques ; Spectrum Analysis ; bacteria

The first step of bacilli culture is inoculation bacteria on culture medium. Designing a device to increase efficiency of inoculation is significative. The new device is controlled by SCM. The stepper motor can drive the culture medium rotating, accelerating, decelerating, overturn and suspending. The device is high practicability and efficient, let inoculation easy for operator.
Bacteriological Techniques ; instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Software Design

Reliable transport of Campylobacter jejuni isolates is critical to microbial epidemiology research, especially in developing countries without a good temperature control mailing system. Various factors, including oxygen, temperature, transport medium composition, could affect the survival of C. jejuni. In this study, the protective effects of different ingredients in C. jejuni transport media at 4 °C and 25 °C and under aerobic condition were quantitatively evaluated respectively. The results showed that enriched medium, supplementation with 5% blood and being kept at 4 °C could improve the viability of different C. jejuni strains during transport. In addition, supplementation with 25 mmol/L L-fucose in Wang's transport medium could significantly improve the survival of C. jejuni at both 4 °C and 25 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the protective effect of L-fucose in enriched C. jejuni transport medium which is feasible in developing countries without an effective cold chain mailing system. These data will be good reference for C. jejuni transport medium improvement in future.
Bacteriological Techniques ; Campylobacter jejuni ; Culture Media

The optimal site for the isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) from throat cultures was investigated in 164 healthy elementary school children. All throat cultures were streaked onto duplicate blood agar plates (BAP), one of which was taken from the tonsillar fossae and the other from the posterior pharynx. BHS were isolated in cultures from 56 (34.2%) of the children. BHS were more frequently recovered from the tonsillar fossae than from the posterior pharynx (54 vs. 47; both sites, 45; tonsillar fossae only, 9; posterior pharynx only, 2; P<0.0001). There were significantly more numerous colonies in the tonsillar fossae than in the posterior pharynx (p<0.01). To conclude, the tonsillar fossae are more optimal sites of throat cultures to isolate BHS than the posterior pharynx.
Bacteriological Techniques ; Child ; Humans ; Pharynx/*microbiology ; Streptococcus/*isolation & purification

During the 8-month period of May to December, 1978, a total of 3,529 blood cultures were taken from Yonsei Medical Center patients and the effect of blind subculture in the initial detection of Salmonella typhi positive culture was analyzed. The blind subculture at the end of 1-day incubation (1-d BS) detected 35.0% of S. typhi positive specimens. All of the S. typhi positive specimens by 1-d BS were a1so macroscopically positive. However, by doing slide agglutination with the growth on subculture plate S. typhi was identifiable tentatively. This saved a day compared to macroscopic examination alone. Therefore the 1-d BS is concluded to be a valuable procedure for the isolation of this organism from blood. For the isolation of S. typhi 7-day incubation was concluded adequete based on the fact that there was only 1 specimen which became positive after over 1-week incubation.
Bacteriological Techniques* ; Blood/microbiology ; Comparative Study ; Culture Media ; Human ; Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification* ; Time Factors

To seek a practical and inexpensive method to preserve gonococcal cultures, a few methods were compared. The following methods kept the cultures alive for only a short period of time: skim milk at -20 degrees C; tryptic soy broth with 15% glycerol at -20 degrees C; cystine tryptic agar at 35 degrees C. Most of the test cultures survived for more than 4 weeks in the following media: one half strength dextrose starch agar; one half strength dextrose starch agar with ferric nitrate; one half strength dextrose starch agar with antimicrobic CNV. Dextrose starch agar could be substituted by GC medium base with a slight modification. It is concluded that preservation of gonococci in one half strength dextrose starch agar with CNV, which produces less frequent contamination, is a practical method to maintain cultures for teaching and quality control.
Agar ; Bacteriological Techniques ; Culture Media* ; Glucose ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae* ; Preservation, Biological/methods* ; Starch

Clostridium cellulolyticum, as one of obligate anaerobic bacteria capable of secreting cellulosome, has not been efficiently cultured due to its strict requirement of growing conditions. In this study, culture conditions of C. cellulolyticum were optimized using response surface methodology. Plackett-Burman design was first used to screen the dominant impact factors for the growth of C. cellulolyticum, which were determined as yeast extract concentration, cellobiose concentration and culture temperature. The steepest ascent path design was then applied to gain the suitable range close to the optimal culture conditions for obtaining high cell density. The central composite design and the response surface analysis were finally used to determine the optimal levels of the influential factors, which were 3 g/L for yeast extract concentration, 7 g/L cellobiose concentration and 34 degrees C for culture temperature. The optimized medium was used for flask culture, and OD600 of C. cellulolyticum was increased from 0.303 to 0.586. With a pH-controlled fermentor at batch mode, OD600 reached 3.432, which was 2.8 times higher than elsewhere reported. These results support further study on the high-density culture of C. cellulolyticum and its application.
Bacteriological Techniques ; methods ; Clostridium cellulolyticum ; growth & development ; Culture Media ; Population Density

A magnetic separator was used to separate magnetic bacteria based on their magnetotactic characteristics. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, a bacterium that could synthesize intra-cellular nanometer magnetic particles, was investigated as an example. Strong magnetic and weak magnetic cells were separated and collected. On average, the number of the magnetic particles present in the strong magnetic cells is more than that of the weak magnetic cells. Moreover, semisolid-plate magnetophoresis showed that the magnetotaxis of strong magnetic cells was stronger than the weak magnetic cells. These results suggest that the magnetic separator can be used to isolate the magnetic bacteria, which will facilitate the research of magnetic bacteria.
Acidithiobacillus ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteriological Techniques ; methods ; Magnetics

OBJECTIVETo evaluated the fundamental role of stage control technology (SCT) on the detectability for Salmonella networking laboratories.

METHODSAppropriate Salmonella detection methods after key point control being evaluated, were establishment and optimized. Our training and evaluation networking laboratories participated in the World Health Organization-Global Salmonella Surveillance Project (WHO-GSS) and China-U.S. Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-emerging infectious diseases Project (GFN) in Shanghai. Staff members from the Yunnan Yuxi city Center for Disease Control and Prevention were trained on Salmonella isolation from diarrhea specimens. Data on annual Salmonella positive rates was collected from the provincial-level monitoring sites to be part of the GSS and GFN projects from 2006 to 2012.

RESULTSThe methodology was designed based on the conventional detection procedure of Salmonella which involved the processes as enrichment, isolation, species identification and sero-typing. These methods were simultaneously used to satisfy the sensitivity requirements on non-typhoid Salmonella detection for networking laboratories. Public Health Laboratories in Shanghai had developed from 5 in 2006 to 9 in 2011, and Clinical laboratories from 8 to 22. Number of clinical isolates, including typhoid and non-typhoid Salmonella increased from 196 in 2006 to 1442 in 2011. The positive rate of Salmonella isolated from the clinical diarrhea cases was 2.4% in Yuxi county, in 2012. At present, three other provincial monitoring sites were using the SBG technique as selectivity enrichment broth for Salmonella isolation, with Shanghai having the most stable positive baseline.

CONCLUSIONThe method of SCT was proved the premise of the network laboratory construction. Based on this, the improvement of precise phenotypic identification and molecular typing capabilities could reach the level equivalent to the national networking laboratory.

In order to develop a rapid and reliable method for B. cereus genotyping, factors influencing PFGE results, including preparation of bacterial cells embedded in agarose, lysis of embedded cells, enzymatic digestion of intact genomic DNA, and electrophoresis parameters allowing for reproducible and meaningful DNA fragment separation, were controlled. Optimal cellular growth (Luria-Bertani agar plates for 12-18 h) and lysis conditions (4 h incubation with 500 µg/mL lysozyme) produced sharp bands on the gel. Restriction enzyme NotI was chosen as the most suitable. Twenty-two isolates were analyzed by NotI digestion, using three electrophoretic parameters (EPs). The EP-a was optimal for distinguishing between isolates. The optimized protocol could be completed within 40 h which is a significant improvement over the previous methods.
Bacillus cereus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Bacteriological Techniques ; DNA, Bacterial ; chemistry ; genetics ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; methods