No abstract available.
*Bacterial Translocation ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/*microbiology

Bacterial Translocation ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; microbiology

Early in 1962, after an extensive review including 312 cases of bacteremia in burn patients, we were surprised to find that there was about 30% of bacteremia in the patients who had no detectable microorganisms from repeated wound cultures, but blood cultures were usually positive for gut flora. From that time on the idea of gut-origin infection emerged. In following twenty years, a series of experiments were carried on in Wistar rats with 30% TBSA full-thickness burn. The results showed that the fluorescein labeled enteric microbes (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroid fragilis and Candida albicans) could translocate through the stress injured intestinal wall and were recovered in visceral organs. The radioisotope 125I labeled endotoxin began to ascend in concentration in portal vein since 15 minutes postburn. Radioautography of liver sections demonstrated the labeled endotoxin granules. With the creation of minute mesenteric lymph fistulas, the clearance of endotoxin and TNFalpha was found to be significantly high in lymph fluid exited from the intestine. All above evidences indicated that the gut is a potential route of endogenous infection, and it also explained how did the patients manifest sepsis early after burn injury without a definite infectious focus. Now the concepts of gut-origin infection are commonly accepted, the measures like early enteral feeding for the protection of intestinal barrier has been established.
Bacteremia ; etiology ; Bacterial Translocation ; Burns ; microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; microbiology ; Humans

The bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of viable bacteria or its toxin from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract through the intestinal mucosa to other site of host. It is believed that bacterial translocation may lead to systemic infection and septicemia. The purpose of this study was to determine what factors in experimental surgical trauma lead to bacterial translocation. Two-nonth-old Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: A-control; B-anesthesia only and C-anesthesia and surgery. After 24 and 48 hours, caval blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lung and spleen were harvested aseptically and cultured for aerobic organism. To exclude the possibility of contamination during surgical manipulation and harvesting, swab culture of peritoneal surface was performed. The bacterial translocation seldom occurred 24 hours after surgical manipulation. There was a significant increase in the number of animals with bacterial translocation in group C, 48 hours after manipulation and harvesting, swab culture of peritoneal surface was performed. The bacterial translocation seldom occurred 24 hours after surgical manipulation. There was a significant increase in the number of animals with bacterial translocation in group C, 48 hours after surgical manipulation. The majority of translocating bacteria was E. coli.
Animals ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Translocation* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Liver ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes ; Rats ; Sepsis ; Spleen

OBJECTIVETo investigate the intestinal microflora status and bacterial translocation in rats after liver transplantation.

METHODSMale Brown-Norway (BN) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: group I (n = 8) for liver transplantation; group II (n = 8) for simulated liver transplantation; group III (n = 8) for sham operation and group IV (n = 8) for normal group. Caecal bacterial counts, plasma endotoxin, intestinal mucosal ultrastructure and bacterial translocation to liver, spleen, kidney, and mesenteric lymph node were studied 24 h after surgery.

RESULTSThe numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus per gram of wet feces were significantly decreased in group I compare with those in the group III and group IV, while Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus counts were increased markedly compare with those in the group III and group IV, but no different was found between group I and group II. Impaired intestinal mucosa integrity were found in the group I and group II. In group I, the levels of plasma endotoxin increased after the transplantation when compare with group III and group IV. Increased incidence of bacterial translocation to liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph node were also observed after the transplantation (compare with those in the group IV, P < 0.01; compare with those in the group III, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, separately). The increased rate of the bacterial translocation in liver was also found in transplantation group as compare with group II (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSLiver transplantation may lead to disturbance of intestinal microflora and impairment of intestinal mucosal barrier function, and this dysfunction might be caused by the process of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in transplantation.

Animals ; Bacterial Translocation ; Endotoxins ; blood ; Intestines ; microbiology ; ultrastructure ; Liver Transplantation ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats

This paper is to explore changes of intestinal mucosal barrier, intestinal flora, and bacterial translocation in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Twenty four male SD rats were randomly divided into the control group (n = 10) and the experimental group (n = 14). The model of severe acute pancreatitis of rats was induced by the method of injecting adversely 5% sodium taurocholate into the common biliary-pancreatic duct. All of the rats were killed after 24 hours and the level of the serum amylase and the plasma endotoxin was determined after that. The pathological changes of pancreas and small intestine were observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining) and the abdominal viscera bacterial translocation rates were tested. With the method of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) the quantity of the intestinal flora was analyzed. In the control group, the level of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were 2.08 ± 1.29, 11.04 ± 7.55 and 12.21 ± 4.95, respectively. On the contrast, the level of Escherichia coli in the cecum contents was much higher (9.72 ± 3.58, P < 0.01), while the Lactobacillus number was decreased significantly (0.67 ± 0.34, P < 0.01), and the Bifidobacterium number was also decreased (4.59 ± 3.42, P < 0.05) in the experimental group, so the ratio of Bifidobacterium/Escherichia coli was reversed. Besides, in the experimental group, the plasma endotoxin positive rates and the bacterial translocation rates were much higher (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) and the pathology scores of pancreas and small intestines were also significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those in the control group. These results indicated that in severe acute pancreatitis rats, the intestinal mucosal barrier was severely damaged and the dysbacteriosis occurs in the intestinal canal. And these might relate to the occurrence and development of multiple organ infection.
Animals ; Bacterial Translocation ; Endotoxins ; Intestinal Mucosa ; pathology ; Intestines ; microbiology ; Male ; Pancreas ; pathology ; Pancreatitis ; microbiology ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Acute Disease ; Bacterial Translocation ; C-Reactive Protein ; analysis ; Calcitonin ; blood ; Child ; Humans ; Pancreatitis ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Protein Precursors ; blood

OBJECTIVETo explore the preventive and treatment effects of smectite powder on enteral bacterial translocation in scalded rats.

METHODSFifty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups, i.e. normal control (A, n = 6), burn control (B, n = 24), and burn treatment (T, n = 24) groups. The rats in B and T groups were fed with tracing bacteria JM109, which was transfected with PUC19 plasmid in advance. The rats were subjected to 30% TBSA scald injury after the plasmid was shown to have colonized in the intestine. Smectite powder (0.6 g/day/kg) was fed to rats of T group immediately after the scalding, while those in B group received no smectite powder. Bacterial translocation in blood and mesenteric lymph nodes in all groups was observed and identified by enzyme digestion at 12 post scald hour (PSH) and on 1, 3 and 5 post-scald days (PSD). The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in rat intestinal tissue. And the degree of injury to the entire small intestine was observed pathologically. The villus height of intestinal mucosa was measured, and the rate of epithelial nuclear splitting of mucosal crypts was calculated.

RESULTSThe number of rats with positive blood bacterial culture in B group was obviously higher than that in A and T groups (P < 0.05) on 1 and 5 PSD. The bacterial quantity in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) in T group on 1 PSD (38 +/- 16 CFU/g) and 5 PSD (68 +/- 20 CFU/g) were obviously lower than those in B group (228 +/- 67 vs 183 +/- 29 CFU/g, P < 0.05). There was significant difference in the intestinal contents of MDA and SOD between B and T groups at each time point (P < 0.05). The rat jejunum villus height and the epithelial nuclear splitting in the small intestine mucosa in T group were evidently higher than those in B group (P < 0.05 or 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSmectite powder is beneficial to the protection of the intestinal mucosa in scalded rats, and can effectively prevent postburn intestinal bacterial translocation in rats.

Animals ; Bacterial Translocation ; Burns ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; microbiology ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Silicates ; therapeutic use

BACKGROUNDTechniques for the fast and accurate detection of bacterial infection are critical for early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of bacterial translocation in clinical severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). In this study, the availability of a real-time PCR method in detection of bacterial colonization in SAP rat models was investigated.

METHODSSamples of blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), pancreas and liver from 24 specific pathogen-free rats (8 in a control group, 16 in a SAP group) were detected for bacterial infection rates both by agar plate culture and a real-time PCR method, and the results were made contrast.

RESULTSBacterial infection rates of the blood, MLN, pancreas and liver in the SAP group and the control group by the two different methods were almost the same, which were 5/16, 12/16, 15/16, 12/16 in the SAP group compared with 0/8, 1/8, 0/8, 0/8 in the control group by agar plate culture, while 5/16, 10/16, 13/16, 12/16 and 0/8, 1/8, 0/8, 0/8 respectively by a real-time PCR method. Bacterial number was estimated by real-time PCR, which showed that in the same mass of tissues, the pancreas contained more bacteria than the other three kinds of organs in SAP rats (P < 0.01), that may be due to the edema, necrosis and hemorrhage existing in the pancreas, making it easier for bacteria to invade and breed.

CONCLUSIONFast and accurate detection of bacterial translocation in SAP rat models could be carried out by a real-time PCR procedure.

Acute Disease ; Animals ; Bacterial Translocation ; genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal ; genetics ; Female ; Male ; Pancreatitis ; microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Rats

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Non-selective beta blockers (NSBBs) are currently the only accepted regimen for preventing portal hypertension (PHT)-related complications. However, the effect of NSBBs is insufficient in many cases. Bacterial translocation (BT) is one of the aggravating factors of PHT in cirrhosis; therefore, selective intestinal decontamination by rifaximin is a possible therapeutic option for improving PHT. We investigated whether the addition of rifaximin to propranolol therapy can improve hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) response. METHODS: Sixty-four cirrhosis patients were randomly assigned to propranolol monotherapy (n=48) versus rifaximin and propranolol combination therapy (n=16). Baseline and post-treatment HVPG values, BT-related markers (lipopolysaccharide [LPS], LPS-binding protein [LBP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α]), serological data, and adverse event data were collected. HVPG response rate was the primary endpoint. RESULTS: Combination therapy was associated with better HVPG response rates than monotherapy (56.2% vs 87.5%, p=0.034). In combination therapy, posttreatment BT-related markers were significantly decreased (LPS, p=0.005; LBP, p=0.005; IL-6, p=0.005; TNF-α, p=0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Rifaximin combination therapy showed an additive effect in improving PHT compared to propranolol monotherapy. These pilot data suggest that the addition of rifaximin to NSBBs could be a good therapeutic option for overcoming the limited effectiveness of NSBBs.
Bacterial Translocation ; Decontamination ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; Interleukin-6 ; Pilot Projects* ; Portal Pressure* ; Propranolol* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Venous Pressure