A cross-sectional study on actual situation of bacterial contamination and using of additives in gio cha was carried out in Ha Tay province in 2001. The results have shown that 100% of total samples were contaminated with aerobic bacteria, 55.6% of samples was contaminated of Coliforms. E. coli contamination were 4.4% of total samples; in which 20% of samples was contaminated of Cofiforms above cut-off point was 100% of samples (compared with the total of samples which was contaminated of Coliforms or E. coli). 100% of studied samples was found having borax- a complement that not be permitted in food with average concentration is 0.4735; 19.4% of Cha samples were found colour additives, in which 100% is organic alkali colour additives a complement that not be permitted in food.
Bacterial Infections ; bacteria ; epidemiology

Research 614 patients with gynecological bacterial infection remarks at Hanoi 354. Results: Growing in a culture (+) was 74% in which has 40,83% of fungus, 44,89% of bacteria, 14,19% of combine infection. Due to Gr (+) bacterium and Gr (-) gynecological bacterial infection rate was 90,77% (most of them was 50,03%) and 9,23% respectively. 100% strain of bacteria against antibiotic 1-14 were tried. Peniciliin, Amocillin, Cloramphenicol, trimethoptrim were sensitive with 4-40%. Immipenem was sensitive highly to Gr (+) and Gr (-) bacteria with 90-98%
Bacteria ; Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology

The study was conducted in the Department of Injury Surgery, Common Surgery, Anaesthesia-Resuscitation at Bac Ninh Hospital, in the year 2000. According to the sterility of the surgery, surgical sterility class 1 – 28.6%, class 2 – 17.7%, class 3 – 34.6%, class 4 – 19%. Mean duration of a surgical case was 65.53 with a sore of infection risk of the wound 1.44 (according to CDC score; in the department of injury surgery the score was 24.4, common surgery 31.5%, obstetrics 7%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection accounted for 35.6%
Surgery ; Bacterial Infections ; Risk ; ; epidemiology

INTRODUCTIONTreatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) using intensive chemotherapy has resulted in high cure rates but also substantial morbidity. Infective complications represent a significant proportion of treatment-related toxicity. The objective of this study was to describe the microbiological aetiology and clinical outcome of episodes of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropaenia in a cohort of children treated for ALL at our institution.

MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients with ALL were treated with either the HKSGALL93 or the Malaysia-Singapore (Ma-Spore) 2003 chemotherapy protocols. The records of 197 patients who completed the intensive phase of treatment, defined as the period of treatment from induction, central nervous system (CNS)-directed therapy to reinduction from June 2000 to January 2010 were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTSThere were a total of 587 episodes of febrile neutropaenia in 197 patients, translating to an overall rate of 2.98 episodes per patient. A causative pathogen was isolated in 22.7% of episodes. An equal proportion of Gram-positive bacteria (36.4%) and Gram-negative bacteria (36.4%) were most frequently isolated followed by viral pathogens (17.4%), fungal pathogens (8.4%) and other bacteria (1.2%). Fungal organisms accounted for a higher proportion of clinically severe episodes of febrile neutropaenia requiring admission to the high-dependency or intensive care unit (23.1%). The overall mortality rate from all episodes was 1.5%.

CONCLUSIONFebrile neutropaenia continues to be of concern in ALL patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy. The majority of episodes will not have an identifiable causative organism. Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria were the most common causative pathogens identified. With appropriate antimicrobial therapy and supportive management, the overall risk of mortality from febrile neutropaenia is extremely low.

Candidiasis ; epidemiology ; Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Escherichia coli Infections ; epidemiology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; Klebsiella Infections ; epidemiology ; Mycoses ; epidemiology ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; drug therapy ; Pseudomonas Infections ; epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Staphylococcal Infections ; epidemiology ; Virus Diseases ; epidemiology

In order to investigate the distribution of nosocomial infection in patients with hematological diseases in our hospital, and to explore the changes of the pathogens isolated. The method of retrospective investigation and analysis was employed. 1164 strain pathogens were isolated from the patients with hematological diseases during the period of 1997-2009. The results showed that the Gram-positive cocci infection increased gradually during the 13 years, but has been stable in the last 4 years. The Gram-negative bacteria showed a trend decrease. The fungi increased during these years. The rates of infection with gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacteria and fungus were 28.2%, 59.8% and 12.0% respectively. For the details, Escherichia coli infection rate was the highest: 12.1%, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.1%), Enterobacter (8.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (6.3%) and Enterococci (6.6%). The distribution of G(+)- and G⁻ pathogens showed obvious change on end of 1990's and beginning of this century, but it was tending towards stability on recent years; the incidence of fungus was tending towards increase, which was related to wide application of strong broad-spectrum antibiotics. In conclusion, the patients with hematological diseases, as the high-risk group of nosocomial infection, should be monitored strictly. Infection is related to many factors, and the main factor is dysfunction of autoimmunity. The strategies should be explored to strengthen the immune protection and set up a reasonable scheme of antibiotics.
Adult ; Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; Cross Infection ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Escherichia coli ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Hematologic Diseases ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; China ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

OBJECTIVETo investigate the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance profile of the infection in patients with hematological malignancies.

METHODSAll the microbe strains isolated from the department of hematology in Ruijin hospital between 1998 and 2002 were collected for the assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility and the results were analysed by WHONET5 software.

RESULTSOut of the 536 strains isolated in the department of hematology, 230 (42.9%) were Gram positive and 301 (56.2%) Gram negative organisms. The first 6 strains of Gram (-) microbes in frequent order were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter Baumannii and Stenotrophomonas (xantho) maltophi. The extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs) producing rates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 27.3% and 33.3%, respectively. Methylcillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococcus (MRCNS) was the most prevalent Gram (+) bacteria in the complicated infection patients with hematological malignancies, which accounted for 88.5%. Carbapenems were most sensitive for all of the gram negative bacteria, with a drug resistance rate of 11.4 (5.0% approximately 15.8%) of imipenem. For ESBLs strains, carbapenems and cefapime were the best choice, with the resistance rate of 46.4% approximately 94.4% and 50.0% approximately 75.9%, respectively. The drug resistance rate of Acinetobacter Baumannii was 25.0% approximately 41.3% for the third generation cephalosporin, 22.7% for the fourth generation cephalosporin and 12.7% for imipenem. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to carbapenems, with a resistance rate of 12.7% of imipenem; however, it was more sensitive to the third generation cephalosporin.

CONCLUSIONAntibiotics should be rationally administrated with more considerations to the characteristics of epidemiology and drug resistance profile of the microbes in the given department of hematology.

Bacterial Infections ; complications ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; complications ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Despite the fact that our cognition towards infectious disease prevention, the advanced technology and the economic status of the whole society has made a great progress in the last decade, the outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia has again enabled the public to acquire more about super-challenges of infectious diseases, epidemics and the relevant preventive measurements. In order to identify the epidemic signals in early stage or even before the onset of epidemic, the data research and utilization of a series of factors related to the occurrence and transmission of infectious diseases have played a significant role in research of prevention and control during the whole period of surveillance and early warning. Laboratory-based monitoring for the etiology has always been an important part of infectious disease warning system due to pathogens as the direct cause of such diseases. China has initially established a laboratory-based monitoring and early warning system for bacterial infectious diseases based on the Chinese Pathogen Identification Network with an aim to identify pathogens, outbreaks and sources. This network has played an essential role in early detection, tracking and precise prevention and control of bacterial infectious diseases, such as plague, cholera, and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. This issue focuses on the function of laboratory-based monitoring during the period of early warning, prevention, and control of bacterial infectious diseases, and conducted a wide range of researches based on the analysis of the epidemic and outbreak isolates, together with field epidemiological studies and normal monitoring systems. All of these could illustrate the effect of laboratory surveillance in the infectious disease risk assessment and epidemic investigation. At the same time, we have put forward our review and expectation of scenarios about laboratory-based monitoring and early warning technologies to provide innovative thoughts for promoting a leapfrog development of infectious disease monitoring and early warning system in China.
Bacterial Infections/epidemiology* ; COVID-19 ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Epidemics ; Humans ; Laboratories

As one of the most common pathogens in aquatic animals, Aeromonas hydrophila exhibits a wide range of pathogenicity. Due to factors like unreasonable use of antibiotics and horizontal gene transfer mediated by plasmids, many resistant strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated from ready-to-eat seafood products in retail markets, supermarkets and restaurants. These strains carry many resistance genes. Therefore, it is essential to explore the key control points, and seek for prevention and control strategies so as to effectively alleviate antibiotic resistance. We review here the prevalence of drug resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila in China, and its main infection and resistance mechanisms, and the main means and strategies for reducing and preventing drug resistance. We also address further research directions and focus on drug resistance in Aeromonas hydrophila of the aquatic product.
Aeromonas hydrophila ; drug effects ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Fish Diseases ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Research

INTRODUCTIONThis study was conducted to determine the epidemiological pattern and risk factors associated with corneal ulcers in rural areas of western Maharashtra, India, and to identify the bacterial and fungal agents responsible for causing keratitis.

METHODSA total of 852 patients with corneal ulceration were included in the study. Sociodemographic data and information pertaining to risk factors were collected. Corneal scrapings obtained from these patients were processed for bacterial and fungal agents using standard techniques.

RESULTSOut of the 852 patients studied, 537 (63.02%) were culture positive. A majority of the culture-positive patients were farmers (52.32%), and ocular trauma was the most common predisposing factor (60.15%). Among these patients, fungal isolates (57.91%) were more frequent than bacterial isolates (42.08%). The most common fungal isolate was Fusarium spp. (35.04%) followed by Aspergillus spp. (18.00%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the predominant bacterial isolates (32.74%) followed by Staphylococcus spp. (17.25%).

CONCLUSIONCorneal trauma from plant parts or organic matter was found to be the most common risk factor associated with corneal ulceration in the rural areas of western Maharashtra. Epidemiology and aetiology of microbial keratitis vary from region to region, and therefore, careful history taking and proper identification of aetiological agents are necessary for the institution of appropriate therapy.

Adult ; Cornea ; microbiology ; Corneal Ulcer ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Eye Infections, Bacterial ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Eye Infections, Fungal ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Female ; Hospitals, Rural ; Humans ; India ; epidemiology ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult