BACKGROUNDCurrently, slightly more than 50% of bloodstream infections (BSIs) are hospital acquired. When these infections occur in patients in intensive care units, they are associated with a high mortality rate, additional hospital days and excess hospital costs. Because of multifactor of nosocomial BSIs, measurements of control nosocomial BSIs are wide variety and lead to some confusion in practice. The aim of this study was to explore special way in accordance with self-hospital base on common principle.

METHODSIn one ward of the Intensive Care Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, at first, we divided the all operation about bloodstream way into three sections used as keypoints. By surveying keypoints respectively, some operation faults of blood way were discovered. For decreasing the mobidity of nosocomial BSIs, some intervention measurements were executed. The rate of nosocomial BSIs was analyzed by chi-square test.

RESULTSAccording to the statistics from January to June, we received and cured 618 patients in total; among them, there were 13 cases of nosocomial BSI and the average occurrence was 2.3 cases/month. After intervention measurements from July to December 2011, we received and cured 639 patients in total with seven cases of nosocomial BSI, and the average occurrence was 1.2 cases/month (P < 0.05). From January to April 2012, no nosocomial BSI occurred in the investigated ward.

CONCLUSIONRemoving the operation faults of bloodstream way might decrease the nosocomial BSI rapidly and efficiently by utilizing a key point survey.

Adult ; Aged ; Bacteremia ; etiology ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Cross Infection ; etiology ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

No abstract available.
Adult ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*adverse effects ; Appendicitis/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Bacteremia/*etiology/therapy ; Consolidation Chemotherapy/adverse effects ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Male ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/*drug therapy/immunology/therapy

INTRODUCTIONSplenic abscess is an uncommon clinical problem. Traditionally, the "gold standard" treatment has been splenectomy. However, there is increasing use of non-operative treatments worldwide.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA 10-year (1996-2005) retrospective review of case records from a single centre (an 800-bed general hospital) was performed. Information regarding demographics, clinical presentation, aetiological agents and management was gathered and analysed.

RESULTSThere were 21 cases from 1996 to 2005. Nineteen (90%) had multiple abscesses. Disseminated melioidosis was the most common aetiological agent (15 cases, 71%). Only 3 patients underwent splenectomy. The remainder were treated conservatively with antibiotics. Almost all the patients (19, 90%) also suffered from diabetes mellitus.

CONCLUSIONSThe most common aetiological agent encountered was Burkholderia pseudomallei. Diabetes mellitus may be an important co-factor in the pathogenesis of splenic abscesses. The majority of our patients were managed conservatively and splenectomy was only occasionally required.

Abscess ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Bacteremia ; complications ; drug therapy ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Melioidosis ; complications ; epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Splenic Diseases ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; etiology

Antibiotic dependence in clinical isolates has been reported, albeit rarely, such as vancomycindependent enterococcus and beta-lactam-dependent Staphylococcus saprophyticus. We report herein a clinical isolate of beta-lactam-dependent Bacillus cereus. A 16-yr-old female was admitted on 8 September 2005 with neutropenic fever during chemotherapy following surgical removal of peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. She had had an indwelling chemoport since August 2004 and experienced B. cereus bacteremia three times during the recent 3-month period prior to the admission; the bacteremias were treated with cefepime-based chemotherapy. On hospital days 1 and 3, B. cereus was isolated from blood drawn through the chemoport. The isolates were resistant to penicillin, ceftriaxone, and erythromycin, and susceptible to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. The isolate of hospital day 3 grew only nearby the beta-lactam disks including penicillin and ceftriaxone on disk diffusion testing. The beta-lactam-dependent isolate required a minimum of 0.064 microgram/mL of penicillin or 0.023 microgram/mL of cefotaxime for growth, which was demonstrated by E test (AB Biodisk, Sweden). Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed a marked elongation of the dependent strain compared with the non-dependent strain. Prolonged therapy with beta-lactams in the patient with an indwelling intravenous catheter seemed to be a risk factor for the emergence of beta-lactam-dependence in B. cereus.
Adolescent ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacillaceae Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Bacillus cereus/cytology/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Bacteremia/drug therapy/microbiology ; Cephalosporins/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Neutropenia/*complications/etiology ; Risk Factors ; *beta-Lactam Resistance

OBJECTIVETo explore the risk factors for sepsis caused by multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (MDR-KP) and to provide a reference for the prevention of MDR-KP sepsis and rational use of antibiotics.

METHODSA retrospective case-control study of 41 children with MDR-KP sepsis (case group) and 53 pediatric patients without MDR-KP sepsis (control group) between March 2010 and Febrary 2014 was conducted. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the independent risk factors for MDR-KP sepsis.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the case group had a longer length of stay in the PICU before infection (P<0.05), more prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation before infection (P<0.05), a larger total number of days of mechanical ventilation (P<0.05), more days of antibiotic use before infection (P<0.05), more types of antibiotics used before infection (P<0.05), and a higher mortality (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that more types of antibiotics used before infection and use of third-generation cephalosporin and carbapenems were independent risk factors for MDR-KP sepsis (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSRational use of antibiotics is an effective measure to prevent MDR-KP sepsis.

Bacteremia ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Klebsiella Infections ; drug therapy ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

We investigated the combined effect of glutamine (GLN) and growth hormone (GH) on bacterial translocation (BT) in sepsis. After single intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg), 48 rats were divided randomly into four groups of 12 animals each: the control group received chow orally; the GLN group received chow plus 10% GLN; GH group received chow plus GH; and the GLN/GH group received chow, 10% GLN, and GH. Twenty-four and 96 hr later, rats were sacrificed. Portal blood culture, bacterial colony counts of cultured mesenteric lymph nodes, mucosal thickness, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels in the gut mucosa were measured. There was no significant change of the rate of portal blood culture between all treatment groups at 24 and 96 hr. At 24 hr, the rats receiving combined treatment of GLN and GH showed lower bacterial colony counts and mucosal MDA levels than the control rats, and higher mucosal GSH levels than the control and GLN-treated rats. At 96 hr, rats treated with both GLN and GH exhibited lower bacterial colony counts and mucosal MDA levels, and higher mucosal thickness and GSH levels than control, GLN, or GH-treated rats. This study suggests that the combination of GLN and GH may synergistically reduce BT over time in sepsis.
Animals ; Bacteremia/etiology ; Bacteremia/microbiology ; Bacteremia/prevention & control ; Bacterial Translocation/drug effects* ; Comparative Study ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Synergism ; Endotoxemia/drug therapy* ; Endotoxemia/microbiology ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification* ; Glutamine/pharmacology* ; Glutamine/therapeutic use ; Glutathione/analysis ; Human Growth Hormone/pharmacology* ; Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use ; Ileum/microbiology ; Ileum/pathology ; Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology ; Intestinal Mucosa/pathology ; Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects ; Lymph Nodes/microbiology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use ; Sepsis/microbiology ; Sepsis/prevention & control* ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms

Bacteremia ; etiology ; Catheterization ; adverse effects ; Child ; Coagulase ; metabolism ; Cross Infection ; etiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; drug effects ; Endocarditis, Bacterial ; etiology ; Humans ; Methicillin ; pharmacology ; Quinolones ; pharmacology ; Staphylococcal Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Staphylococcus ; classification ; drug effects ; pathogenicity ; Urinary Tract Infections ; etiology ; Vancomycin ; pharmacology

To assess the risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) bacteremia and for 30-day mortality in patients with CRAB bacteremia in the intensive care unit (ICU), we conducted a retrospective study in the ICU at Severance Hospital in Korea from January 2008 to December 2009. Patients who acquired CRAB bacteremia in the ICU were enrolled as the case group and patients whose specimens of blood culture, sputum/endotracheal aspirate and urine revealed no AB were enrolled as controls. The case group comprised 106 patients and 205 patients were included as controls. Risk factors independently associated with CRAB bacteremia included prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment (Odds ratio [OR], 3.6; P = 0.003), recent central venous catheter insertion (OR, 5.7; P < 0.001) or abdominal drainage insertion (OR, 21.9; P = 0.004), the number of antibiotics treated with (OR, 1.3; P = 0.016), and respiratory failure in the ICU (OR, 2.5; P = 0.035). The 30-day mortality was 79.8%. Renal failure during ICU stay was independently associated with 30-day mortality (OR, 3.7; P = 0.047). It is important to minimize invasive procedures, and to restrict excessive use of antibiotics, especially in immunocompromised patients, in order to prevent the development of CRAB bacteremia. Greater concern for CRAB bacteremia patients is needed when renal failure develops during ICU stay.
Acinetobacter Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/*mortality ; Acinetobacter baumannii/*drug effects ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Bacteremia/drug therapy/epidemiology/*mortality ; Carbapenems/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Case-Control Studies ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Intensive Care Units ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Renal Insufficiency/etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of Gutuo Qingfu Decoction (GQD) via gastro-enteric perfusion on blood level of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in severe multi-traumatic (SMT) patients at early stage.

METHODSSixty SMT patients were assigned to two groups, the 33 in the treated group and the 27 in the control group. They were treated with the same conventional treatment, but different in the gastro-enteric infusion with GOD for the former and saline for the latter. Blood 16SrRNA gene, body temperature, leukocyte count, C-reactive protein (CRP), and blood bacterial culture positive rate on the 3, 6, 9 post-trauma days were detected, and incidences of infective complication and mortality were observed.

RESULTSBody temperature on day 9 in the treated group was significantly lower than in the control group (37.6 +/- 0.12 degrees C vs 38.1 +/- 0.15 degrees C, P < 0.05); so did the CRP level on day 6 (52.4 +/- 6.3 mg/L vs 104.3 +/- 20.1 mg/L, P < 0.05) and day 9 (42.9 + 7.5 mg/L vs 92.5 +/- 17.1 mg/L, P < 0.05), as well as the positive rates of blood 16SrRNA gene on day 6 and 9 (33.3% vs 59.3% and 30.3% vs 77.8%, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). However, the positive rates of blood culture were insignificantly different between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Besides, incidence of infective complication in the treated group was significantly lower than in the control group (30.3% vs 59.3%, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEarly stage gastrointestinal administration of GQD is likely to have benefits for the improvement of intestinal mucosa barrier and reduction of enteric bacterial translocation in SMT patients, and it may also reduce the incidence of infective complication in these patients.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bacteremia ; etiology ; microbiology ; Bacterial Translocation ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Trauma ; complications ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Phytotherapy ; RNA, Bacterial ; blood ; isolation & purification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; blood ; Wounds and Injuries ; blood ; drug therapy ; Young Adult

INTRODUCTIONImipenem and meropenem are treatment of choice for extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL)-positive gram-negative bacteraemia. They may select for carbapenemresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ertapenem may not do so as it is inactive against these bacteria. Clinical efficacy of ertapenem in ESBL-producing gramnegative bacteraemia is limited.

MATERIALS AND METHODSRetrospective study of patients with ESBL-positive gram-negative bacteraemia treated with ertapenem was undertaken.

RESULTSForty-seven patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteraemia (79% produced ESBL) were treated with ertapenem for a median duration of 11 days. The median age was 70 years. Septic shock occurred in 19% and mechanical ventilation was needed in 17%. Klebsiella pneumoniae comprised 53% and Escherichia coli 26%. Urinary infection accounted for 61% and hepatobiliary 15%. Favourable clinical response occurred in 96%. Attributable mortality was 4%.

CONCLUSIONErtapenem is promising in culture-guided step-down therapy of ESBL-positive gram-negative bacteraemia.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Bacteremia ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Escherichia coli Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Humans ; Klebsiella Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Tract Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; beta-Lactamases ; biosynthesis ; beta-Lactams ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use