Physical factors are known to influence haemodynamics in the veins of the lower extremities. In a controlled randomized study we investigated the effects of combined physical therapy on varicose veins.
Over a 24-wk period a treatment group consisting of 12 persons exercised under the activation by means of externally applied compression and cold temperature stimuli (i. e. thermosteresis). They also exercised once a day without supervision for 15min. During the same period a control group of 12 persons underwent the same measurements but no treatment. At baseline and in wk 24 the following measurements were made under standardarized conditions: venous capacity (ml/100ml of tissue) using a strain gauge plethysmograph (Periquant 3800^R, Gutman Eurasburg, FRG); and refilling time of subcutaneous veins emptied by activation of the ankle joint pump using a photoplethysmograph (Cardiopluse Analyzer^R, Fritac Zurich).
In the treatment group venous capacity decreased by an average of 16% from 4.9±0.3 (sd) ml/100ml tissue to 4.1±0.4 (p<0.005, U-test) while in the control group it remained practically unchanged at 4.8±0.4 vs. 5.0±0.3 Venous refilling time in the lower extremities also increased in the treatment group, half refilling rising from 7.8±1.0 to 11.3±0.9 sec (p<0.001) and total refilling time from 17.1±1.4 to 25.7±2.1 (p<0.001); these parameters remained virtually unchanged in the control group, with half refilling time dropping slightly from 7.7±1.1 to 7.1±1.3 and total refilling time from 18.3±1.7 to 16.3±1.9.
Patient self-rating scores obtained using a standardized questionnaire administered at baseline and at the end of wk 24 improved in the treatment group only.
The combined physical therapy was thus shown to be of long-term therapeutic value.
They improved venous function and reduced patients' symptoms. Our findings indicate that for the further development of this combined treatment regimen it would be useful to identify the individual factors contributing to its efficacy and evaluate them separately.

1. Renal function was impaired both in Ancylostomiasis and Necatoriasis. 2. Impairment of renal function was severer in Ancylostomiasis than in Necatoriasis. 3. Positive relation between degree of infection and of impairment of renal function was proved in Ancylostomiasis, but not in Necatoriasis. 4. Positive relation between anemia and impairment of renal function was proved both in Ancylostomiasisand Necatoriasis. 5. Renal function showed a recovery after treatment.

Introduction: The WHO has been recommended to the member countries to develope a national health system based on PHC. Also the WONCA has given emphased on improvement of rural health. There have been limited research studies done in Mongolia on rural health needs and improvement of PHC’ organizations for rural areas. Goal: To study on thinks of rural medical personnel and rural citizens about activity of PHC’ organization and it’s change in the nearest future. Objective: 1) To introduce with current situation of Soum and Inter-Soum hospitals; 2) To study on thinks of rural medical personnel about activity of Soum, Inter-Soum and Aimag hospitals and it’s further changing; 3) To study on satisfaction of rural citizens from activity of primary care organizations. Material and Method: This study was covered 205 rural medical personnel (physicians - 41, feldshers - 43, nurses - 65, laboratory technicians - 11, other personnel - 45) and 210 rural citizens (local government’ personnel – 86, workers of private entities – 41, herdesmen – 40, pensioners – 11, others – 32) from Arkhangai, Gobi-Altai, Dundgobi, Sukhbaatar, and Tuv aimags. Used a questionaire method (Questionaire for rural medical personnel was include 14 questions; for rural citizens – 13 questions). For analysis of collected materials were used biostatistic methods. Results: Among the rural medical personnel – respondents 77,6% were assess positively about current soum hospital activity, which shown that a soum hospital can been implemented own main functions – to delivery PHC to rural people. Also 67,3% of respondents have thinking positively about Bag’ feldsher unit and 74,6% of them have given a more attention to improve working condition for Bag’ feldshers. Most of respondents – rural citizens (62,9%-80,5%) has been satisfied with soum, inter-soum hospitals care and bag’ feldsher unit service. They have suggestions how to improve rural health facilities. Finally, most of respondents (as rural health personnel, as Conclusions: 1. Based on the results of our study (67,3-77,6% of respondents – rural medical personnel and 62,9-80,5% of rural citizens have a satisfaction with Soum and Inter-soum hospital services, and ctr.) we can conclude that rural health facilities in common have been functioned normally. 2. Most of rural health personnel (68,8% of respondents) has been supported to changing current Soum hospital and its improving as Soum health centre (by thinking 62,4% of respondents) in the nearest future. 3. Also most of rural citizens (77,7-83,3% of respondents) has thinking about changing and improving rural health facilities, especially about Soum health centre. It is very important for providing a health reform in Mongolian rural areas, successfull.

The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses a number of injurious processes, including an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs to inhaled particles and gases. Other processes, such as failure to resolve inflammation, abnormal cell repair, apoptosis, abnormal cellular maintenance programs, extracellular matrix destruction (protease/antiprotease imbalance), and oxidative stress (oxidant/antioxidant imbalance) also have a role. The inflammatory responses to the inhalation of active and passive tobacco smoke and urban and rural air pollution are modified by genetic and epigenetic factors. The subsequent chronic inflammatory responses lead to mucus hypersecretion, airway remodeling, and alveolar destruction. This article provides an update on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes in the pathogenesis of COPD. During the past decade a plethora of studies have unravelled the multiple roles of nitric oxide (NO) in airway physiology and pathophysiology. In the respiratory tract, NO is produced by a wide variety of cell types and is generated via oxidation ofL-arginine that is catalyzed by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS). NOS exist in three distinct are forms: neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS). NO derived from the constitutive are forms of NOS (nNOS and eNOS) and other NO-adduct molecules (nitrosothiols) have been shown to be modulators of bronchomotor tone. On the other hand, NO derived from iNOS seems to be a proinflammatory mediator with immunomodulatory effects. Finally, the production of NO under oxidative stress conditions secondarily generates strong oxidizing agents (reactive nitrogen species) that may modulate the development of chronic inflammatory airway diseases and/or amplify the inflammatory response.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish oral health status among disabled children aged 6-12 years in 6 special schools in Ulaanbaatar. Methods: 428 children with disabilities (cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, mental retardation, blind and hearing disorders) participated in this study. Boys were 50.4%, girls were 49.6% and mean age were 9.921.76. Clinical examination was performed by using a dental mirror and revealed the presence of dental caries, missing (extracted) and fi lled teeth. Each tooth was examined and scored based on the WHO standard (WHO, 1997). The periodontal status was evaluated according to CPI (Community Periodontal Index). The oral hygiene was evaluated according to Green-Vermillion method (1964) values. Results: The dental caries prevalence of all disabled children was 88.3% and average dmft values were 5.714.54 in deciduous teeth, 5.733.72 in mixed dentition and 3.142.81 in permanent teeth. The periodontal status of all children was 70% bleeding after probing and 7% calculus deposit. The oral hygiene was 10% good, 37% fair and 53% poor. Conclusion: This study showed high caries prevalence and DMFT, dmft index and periodontal disease. The oral hygiene index was poor among disabled children in Ulaanbaatar comparing to general population. The main component of DMFT and dmft was decayed teeth, which suggest special oral health promotion policy and urgent treatment, diagnosis and special dental care.

Atopic dermatitis is a common, chronic, relapsing, allergic skin disease characterized by stronglypruritic eczematous skin lesions. Pruritus is the hallmark of atopic dermatitis, with a significant impact on quality of life for the patients. Many patients define their disease severity by the intensity of pruritus rather than by the appearance of skin lesions. Although the pruritus is one of the most essential symptoms of atopic dermatitis, its pathophysiology is still unclear. The lack of effect of antihistamines argues against a role of histamine in causing atopic dermatitis–related pruritus. Neuropeptides, proteases, kinins, and cytokines induce itching. In the early stages of atopic dermatitis Th2 cellsplay a significant role. Interleukin-31 is a cytokine produced by T cells that increases the survival ofhematopoietic cells and stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells. Our study aim is to investigate the correlation between the serum level of IL-31 and the severity of disease.A total of 80 participants with a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis based on the Hanifin and Rajka criteriaare selected from all patients of the National Dermatology center. A questionnaire consisting of theparticipant’s general information and disease history is obtained. The severity of disease is assessed by using SCORAD (Scoring atopic dermatitis) and patients with AD will be grouped into mild (< 25 points), moderate (25-50 points) or severe (> 50 points) disease groups. Serum IL-31 is measured using ELISA from peripheral blood.The main symptoms were pruritis (91,3%) and xerosis (78,8%). The serum IL-31 and NGF was higher in severe patients while the pruritus and sleep loss were stronger in those patients. Serum IL-31 was significantly correlated to Scorad index and sleep loss (р<0,05).IL-31 could be itch biomarkers. IL-31 has a role in pathogenesis of pruritus and atopic dermatitis.

Retained

Human ; Female ; Adult ; Betamethasone ; Calcitriol ; Psoriasis ; Scalp

Human ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Dermatologic Agents ; Eczema ; Glucocorticoids ; Exanthema

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem and human rights concern that has an enormous impact on physical, mental, reproductive and socioeconomic aspects of health. Several health professional organizations recommend screening for violence though current screening rates tend to be low because healthcare providers are generally hesitant to be involved in dealing with women who are victims of violence.

OBJECTIVE: This study therefore attempted to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of obstetricians and gynecologists on screening for intimate partner violence in a private tertiary hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) tool was utilized among 123 obstetricians and gynecologists in a private tertiary hospital in Pasig, Metro Manila, with a response rate of 65.8% (81/123).

RESULTS: Results showed that the sample participants did not have adequate knowledge on IPV; majority of the sample participants were not fully prepared and equipped to handle patients who are victims of IPV; and the sample participants did not routinely screen for IPV.

CONCLUSION: In the Philippines, the obstetricians and gynecologists generally act as the primary care physicians to the general female population. This provides them a good opportunity to be involved in the secondary prevention of IPV. Recognition of barriers to screening for IPV, development of strategies for increasing awareness to IPV, and education and training of physicians and allied health care professionals may improve the screening practices for IPV. These in turn will help them to provide appropriate, effective, and holistic care to their patients who are victims of violence. 

Human ; Physicians, Primary Care ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Spouse Abuse ; Public Health ; Secondary Prevention ; Philippines ; Violence ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Attitude ; Human Rights