Background: The Incidence of Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in childhood compare to adulthood not very common. The multifactorial etiology ICH may involve coagulation disturbance, venousinfarction, infection, heart congenital abnormalities, birth asphyxia and trauma. ICH is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates and it’s related to vitamin K deficiency. The previous studies have shown, that 37.8% of children with Cerebral Palsy and 31.2% of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy had ICH and 48.2% of dead premature infants due to ICH. The number of infants with ICH are increasing year by year. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and explore influential factors and causes of ICH among infants in own country.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted atseveral departments such as PICU, neurology, and cardiology of the State Maternal and Child Health Research of Mongolia. Sixty one patient with ICH involved in the case group and one hundred twenty two infants were involved in control group.Statistical methods. The Mann Whitney U and Fisher’sexact tests were used to compare clinical characteristics of thecontrol infants and infants with ICH. Ethics. The present study was approved by the ethics committee of the MoH and MCHRC. Informedparental consent was obtained for each patient before entry into the study.Results: Among children with ICH 95.1% were under one year and just 4.9% were aged 1-5 years. The following causes of ICH in infants aged under one year were identified: hemorrhagic disorder-39.7%; HIE-13.3%, trauma- 10.4%, unknown reason-12.1% and congenital heart abnormality- 3.4% and Intrauterine infection – 3.4%. However, most common cause of ICH among children aged 1-5 years was trauma – 66.7%, and 33.3% were related to infection.Conclusion:1. The incidence of ICH is high among infants.2. The most common cause of ICH among children were hemorrhagic disorder-37.7%; HIE-13.1%; trauma-13.1%; infection-sepsis -14.8%; intrauterine infection- 9.9%; congenital abnormality of the brain- 3.3% and congenital heart defect-3.3%.3. Influential factors of ICH are preeclampsia (OR=8.6), CS (OR=3.4), newborn asphyxia (OR=3.3) and pathological jaundice (OR=6.8).

dicamentous therapy of liver disease there was a necessity to investigate herbal medicine possibility in traditional medicine. In Mongolian traditional medicine more than hundred prescriptions based on animal, mineral raw materials and more than 210 species of plants in various combinations used for liver remedy. But among them the greatest interest has caused us a plant named Chiazospermum erectum L., from the family of Hipecoaceae. In traditional medicine this plant is applied at liver infectious diseases as febrifugal, soothing, at some oncological diseases, diseases of a teeth, and mucous a pharynx. Aim of study was investigation of hepatoprotective effect of Chiazospermum erectum L. (dry extract) on experimental D-galactosamine hepatitis. Methods: Dry extract of Chiazospermum erectum L. was investigated on the experimental D-galactosamine hepatitis. It is well known D-galactosamine caused hepatitis demonstrated very similar pathogenesis and simptoms with viral hepatitis, especially with B-viral infection (Bluger A.F, Maiore A.Ya 1978). The experimental hepatitis was developed in Vistar bred laboratory rats (n=75) by intraperitoneal introduction of D galactosaminein a dose of 0.4 g/kg of animal weight. To animals of the first experimental group, since the beginning of experiment was intragastrically administered extract of Chiazospermum erectum L. in the form of water solution in a dose 25 mg/100gr of animal weights once per day within 14 days. To animals of other experimental group was administered a water solution of comparing (standard) preparation – Cholosasum into volume of 1.0 ml/100 g. In control group under the similar scheme introduced the distilled water in equivalent volume. The interval between administering of D galactosamine, standard preparation and distilled water was 5-6 hours. Results: The hepatoprotective activity of the dry extract of Chiazospermum erectum L. studied on ferment activity ALT, AST in experimental D-galactosamine hepatitis. The AST and ALT levels in the animals of experimental group was 20% and 46% lower than in indices of control group, and the levels of cholesterol, -lipoprotein and bilirubin were 18%, 12% and 14% lower, respectively. Chiazospermum erectum L. demonstrated a hepatoprotective activity on D-galactosamine hepatitis same with a standard remedy – Cholosasum. Conclusion: ThedryextractfromtheaerialpartofChiazospermum erectum L. during intragastric administering to laboratory animals with D- galactosamine liver damage reducing cytolytic syndromes and choleostasis, promoting the accelerated normalization of its functional condition. Chiazospermum erectum L. demonstrated a hepatoprotective activity on D-galactosamine hepatitis same with a standard remedy – Cholosasum. The received results demonstrated a further possibility of the studying of this plant for preventive maintenance and treatments of viral hepatitis and its complication

Objectives: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are known to develop sarcopenia, an agingrelated disorder, with low muscle mass, strength and physical performance. Ultrasound-derived thigh muscle and rectus femoris thickness (TMT and RFT) can be measured easily in clinical practice, but need validation for use in predialysis CKD (stages III through V) for muscle mass estimation. The study aims to compare ultrasound-derived TMT and RFT with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived muscle mass estimation in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in predialysis CKD. Methods: Patients with stable CKD stage III, IV, V and not yet on dialysis were recruited, and underwent anthropometric assessment, BIA and ultrasound examination of midthigh region. Appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI)/height2 derived from BIA was taken as a standard for the diagnosis of low muscle mass. Gait speed and handgrip were also measured. The Asian Working Group criteria were applied. Cutoff values for low muscle mass by TMT and RFT were obtained using receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. Results: Of the total of 117 enrolled study participants, 52 (45%) had low muscle mass, 34 (29%) had sarcopenia, of whom 79% were male, majority (38%) were CKD stage IV and had a mean age of 58 years. Using ROC analysis, TMT cutoffs of 19 mm in males and 17 mm in females were computed. Comparison of TMT cutoffs and ASMI/h2 showed good agreement between the 2 methods using Bland-Altman plots. Conclusions Ultrasound-derived TMT and RFT can be used for muscle mass estimation in the diagnosis of sarcopenia.

Agleg-4 traditional medicinal drug consists from Smilax Glabra (Liliaceae), Rhododendron Adamsii (Ericaceae), Rheum undulatum (Polyganaceae), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Fabaceae). This traditional medicinal drug’s humidity was 4.5%, ash was 5.4%, and extractive matter the in the water was 20.9%. The suitable thin layer chromatography system was selected as toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (7:2:0,5). From thin layer chromatography it showed flavanone glycosides. The highest content elements in the traditional medicine were Calcium 14mg/g, Potassium 3.2mg/g, Magnum 2.87mg/g. Agleg - 4 traditional medicine is increasing systolic action of heart so it is increasing kidney’s filtration and clearance and good medicine for kidney’s diseases.

Traditional medical system has been developed in most of the countries. Traditional medicine is recognized in developing countries though its methods of treatments, training, and policy have not fully been implemented into their health care system. In highly developed countries, many schools of allopathic medicine have training of complementary and alternative medicine. School of Traditional Medicine is one of 10 schools of Health Sciences University of Mongolia. Curriculum of traditional medical education has been changed for 4 times since establishment of School of Traditional Medicine in 1989. There is strong need to develop traditional medical education towards to international standards. Traditional medical education policy should be developed based on research and constant supply of traditional medical practitioners and population with useful knowledge.

Background: The prescription of Shar gaa made from the Curcuma longa L., Tribulus terrestris L., Cortex Phellodendri L., Gardenia jasminoides L. By reviewing a lot of relative research papers and the pharmacological dictionaries, we summarized the conclusion that the efficiency components of the Shar gaa extract is effective to control the infection of bacteria and the fungi, to relieve skin inflammation and pain.Aim:We conducted the control experiment to discuss thecontrol effect of the Shar gaa extract to the fungi and the bacteria. Materials and methods:We carried out susceptibility test to fungus and bacterium using medicine dilution method and cup-plate method on the sand clan proof agar culture and nutrient agar culture. The fungi inhibition results show that the Shar gaa extract has the significant restrain effects to all of experimental fungi. It has the better effects to the Microsporum lanosum M.grpseum、T.rubrum、M. canis、C.albicans、Pityrosporum than the 20% Ethanol control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, it has the same affects with the CAILE extract (P>0.05). In addition, the Shar gaa extract of high concentration has no significant difference with the one of the low concentration. This phenomenon demonstrated the truth that the Shar gaa extract has no concentration diversity to inhibit the fungi (P>0.05). On the other hand, the bacterium inhibition results demonstrate that the weak restrain effects of the Shar gaa extract. Regard to the gram positive bacteria (mainly including the S.aureas, Bacillus anthraci, Staphylococcus), the Shar gaa extract has the less effect to control the bacteria than the Penicillin group (P<0.05) and to the gram negative bacteria (the Pseudomonas) the Shar gaa extract has the less effect to control the bacteria than the Gentamicin group (P<0.05). Invalid of the drug-resistant E. coli and the P.mirabilis the Shar gaa extract group. The 20% Ethanol on bacterial group had no inhibitory effect. Conclusion: The Shar gaa extract possessed favourable inhibitory effect to frequent fungus and relative weak inhibitory effect to general bacterium in clinic. The research achievement not only expanded the new type of the Shar gaa -4 tan, but also developed the new usage of the Shar gaa-4 tan. It is to have the potential guide significance to clinical application.

Abstract Saposhnikovia divaricata, a perennial herb belonging to the family Umbelliferae, is widely distributed in many provinces of Mongolia. The dried root of Saposhnikovia divaricata has been used for the treatment of arthritis and as a painkiller in Mongolian folk medicine. Moreover, its dried root (Radix Saposhnikoviae) is used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the therapy of immune system, nervous system, and respiratory diseases. According to phytochemical and pharmacological studies, the main ingredients of Saposhnikovia divaricata are chromones, coumarins, acid esters, and polyacetylenes. These compounds indicate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory activities. Cimifugin is an active ketone ingredient from Saposhnikovia divaricate, Rhizoma cimicifugae. Cimifugin has been reported to have bacteriostatic and antiviral effects. Studies have reported that cimifugin inhibits allergic inflammation by reducing the levels of cytokines. The aim of this review is to provide extensive information on the traditional use, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology mechanism of action, and health products from Saposhnikovia divaricata .

Aglig-4 was produced in the Drug Manufacture of Traditional Medical Science Technology and Production Corporation of Mongolia. Moisture, substances extracted in water, contents of macro-and microelements, and bioactive compounds of the drug were determined. Moisture of the drug was 4.5 % while substance percentage extracted in water was 20.9. Contents of macro-and microelements per 1 g of Deva-5 were as following: Na1.2 mg (2.8 %), Mg-2.87 mg (6.7 %), P-1.2 mg (2.8 %), S-0.39 mg (0.93 %), Al-0.87 mg (2.03 %), Si-2.71 mg (3.34 %), Ti-0.11 mg (0.26 %), Mn-0.049 mg (0.115 %), Fe0.843 mg (1.967 %), Cu-0.006 mg (0.014 %), and Zn-0.022 mg. Ca, K and Mg were the major elements detected in Deva-5. The most suitable solvent system for Aglig-4 was Tolyol:Ethylacetate:Formic Acid (7:2:0.5). By thin layer chromatography, flavonoid glycosides were determined in Deva-5.

Background: Lish-6 has been used for treatment pharyngitis, flu and throat disease. Lish-6 is composed from Eugenia caryophylla. Thumb, Saussurea lappa C.B. Clark, Schizostachoum chinense. Rendle, Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Fisch, Gentiana algida Pall, Terminalia chebula. Retz. Anti-fever properties of these plants and their bio-active compounds have extensively been studied. Aim: To determine the anti-fever effects of Lish-6. Marerials and Methods: Fever was induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at concentration of 0.5 mg/kg. Lish-6 was given orally at concentration of 92 mg/kg, 1 and 6 hours after the LPS administration. Rectal temperature wa measured 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 hours after the LPS administration. Paracetamoli was given orally at concentration of 50 mg/kg. Blood levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay using rat kits. Lung tissue was examined by histopathological analysis. Results: The body temperature of rats in the normal group was 35.0±1.10С, while in the control group, periodic fever was caused by the effect of lipopolysaccharide (p=0.001). But in the Lish-6 drug group, rectal temperature decreased steadily (p=0.05). In addition, the IL-1β cytokine in the normal group was 3.24±0.31 ng/L and increased by 60.5% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 31% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). IL-6 cytokine in the normal animals was 21.1±0.2 pg/L and increased by 19.04% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 8.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p =0.05). PGE2 in the normal group was 43.2±0.3 ng/L, and it increased by 62.7% in the control group, indicating the development of a pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 53.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). Conclusion Lish-6 traditional drug has the effect of reducing rectal temperature, IL-1β, PGE2 and IL-6 cytokines during lipopolysaccharide-induced febrile pathology model.

Background: Silybum marianum, as well as known milk thistle, has long been recognized for its hepatoprotective effects, primarily attributed to its active flavonolignan complex, silymarin (an extract from water hyacinth fruit). While the pharmacological effects of silymarin have been studied, research on bioactive peptides derived from Silybum marianum remains limited. Aim: To evaluate the toxicity effects of silybum marianum peptides Marerials and Method: This study aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity of Silybum marianum peptide in mice through a 14-day oral administration experiment. Twenty adult male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: the experimental group received 200 mg/kg of Silybum marianum peptide daily, while the control group received an equivalent volume of saline solution. Physiological and biochemical parameters, including body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, liver and spleen wet weights, as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity, were assessed to determine potential toxic effects. This exploration aims to shed light on the toxicological effects of silybum marianum peptide in mice, providing insights into its potential benefits and challenges. Results: Results indicated no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of body weight, blood glucose levels, or major organ wet weights. Additionally, ALT enzyme activity remained unaffected, suggesting no detectable liver toxicity. Throughout the study, no abnormal behaviors, physical changes, or mortality were observed in the test subjects. Mice in both the silybum marianum peptide and control groups exhibited shiny and soft fur, normal activity, and regular food consumption. These findings indicate that Silybum marianum peptide exhibits good safety and low biological toxicity under the tested conditions, supporting its potential use as a safe dietary supplement or therapeutic agent. Conclusion At the designated dosage, silybum marianum peptide demonstrated good safety and low biological toxicity.