Background: The Incidence of Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in childhood compare to adulthood not very common. The multifactorial etiology ICH may involve coagulation disturbance, venousinfarction, infection, heart congenital abnormalities, birth asphyxia and trauma. ICH is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates and it’s related to vitamin K deficiency. The previous studies have shown, that 37.8% of children with Cerebral Palsy and 31.2% of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy had ICH and 48.2% of dead premature infants due to ICH. The number of infants with ICH are increasing year by year. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and explore influential factors and causes of ICH among infants in own country.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted atseveral departments such as PICU, neurology, and cardiology of the State Maternal and Child Health Research of Mongolia. Sixty one patient with ICH involved in the case group and one hundred twenty two infants were involved in control group.Statistical methods. The Mann Whitney U and Fisher’sexact tests were used to compare clinical characteristics of thecontrol infants and infants with ICH. Ethics. The present study was approved by the ethics committee of the MoH and MCHRC. Informedparental consent was obtained for each patient before entry into the study.Results: Among children with ICH 95.1% were under one year and just 4.9% were aged 1-5 years. The following causes of ICH in infants aged under one year were identified: hemorrhagic disorder-39.7%; HIE-13.3%, trauma- 10.4%, unknown reason-12.1% and congenital heart abnormality- 3.4% and Intrauterine infection – 3.4%. However, most common cause of ICH among children aged 1-5 years was trauma – 66.7%, and 33.3% were related to infection.Conclusion:1. The incidence of ICH is high among infants.2. The most common cause of ICH among children were hemorrhagic disorder-37.7%; HIE-13.1%; trauma-13.1%; infection-sepsis -14.8%; intrauterine infection- 9.9%; congenital abnormality of the brain- 3.3% and congenital heart defect-3.3%.3. Influential factors of ICH are preeclampsia (OR=8.6), CS (OR=3.4), newborn asphyxia (OR=3.3) and pathological jaundice (OR=6.8).

Objectives: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are known to develop sarcopenia, an agingrelated disorder, with low muscle mass, strength and physical performance. Ultrasound-derived thigh muscle and rectus femoris thickness (TMT and RFT) can be measured easily in clinical practice, but need validation for use in predialysis CKD (stages III through V) for muscle mass estimation. The study aims to compare ultrasound-derived TMT and RFT with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived muscle mass estimation in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in predialysis CKD. Methods: Patients with stable CKD stage III, IV, V and not yet on dialysis were recruited, and underwent anthropometric assessment, BIA and ultrasound examination of midthigh region. Appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI)/height2 derived from BIA was taken as a standard for the diagnosis of low muscle mass. Gait speed and handgrip were also measured. The Asian Working Group criteria were applied. Cutoff values for low muscle mass by TMT and RFT were obtained using receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. Results: Of the total of 117 enrolled study participants, 52 (45%) had low muscle mass, 34 (29%) had sarcopenia, of whom 79% were male, majority (38%) were CKD stage IV and had a mean age of 58 years. Using ROC analysis, TMT cutoffs of 19 mm in males and 17 mm in females were computed. Comparison of TMT cutoffs and ASMI/h2 showed good agreement between the 2 methods using Bland-Altman plots. Conclusions Ultrasound-derived TMT and RFT can be used for muscle mass estimation in the diagnosis of sarcopenia.

Abstract Saposhnikovia divaricata, a perennial herb belonging to the family Umbelliferae, is widely distributed in many provinces of Mongolia. The dried root of Saposhnikovia divaricata has been used for the treatment of arthritis and as a painkiller in Mongolian folk medicine. Moreover, its dried root (Radix Saposhnikoviae) is used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the therapy of immune system, nervous system, and respiratory diseases. According to phytochemical and pharmacological studies, the main ingredients of Saposhnikovia divaricata are chromones, coumarins, acid esters, and polyacetylenes. These compounds indicate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory activities. Cimifugin is an active ketone ingredient from Saposhnikovia divaricate, Rhizoma cimicifugae. Cimifugin has been reported to have bacteriostatic and antiviral effects. Studies have reported that cimifugin inhibits allergic inflammation by reducing the levels of cytokines. The aim of this review is to provide extensive information on the traditional use, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology mechanism of action, and health products from Saposhnikovia divaricata .