INTRODUCTIONEthnic variations in the prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus (PL) are well known. Many techniques for clinically determining the presence of the PL have been described. Studies have also attempted to correlate its absence with other anatomical anomalies. However, most studies have been done in Caucasian populations.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe presence of the PL was clinically determined in 329 normal Chinese men and women using the standard technique. In subjects with an absent PL, 4 other tests were performed to confirm absence and an Allen's test was done to assess the palmar arches. All subjects were examined for the presence of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) to the little finger.

RESULTSThe overall prevalence of absence of the PL was 4.6%. All techniques were equally effective in determining the absence of the PL. There was no significant difference in its absence with regard to the body side or sex. Absolute deficiency of FDS to the little finger was seen in 6.4%. No correlation could be detected between the absence of the PL and FDS of the little finger.

CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of absence of the PL and absence of FDS to the little finger in a Chinese population is much lower compared to previous reports in the literature. There is no association between absence of the PL and absence of the FDS to the little finger. Although all techniques of examining for the absence of the PL are equally effective, the method suggested by Mishra seems the best as it was easily understood by subjects and can be used even when thumb abduction is not possible.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Child ; China ; ethnology ; Female ; Fingers ; abnormalities ; Hand Deformities, Congenital ; complications ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal ; abnormalities ; Prevalence ; Range of Motion, Articular ; genetics ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Tendons ; abnormalities

INTRODUCTIONLittle is known about the attitudes of Singaporean patients towards the intraoperative involvement of trainee surgeons. We aimed to discover if patients would consent to having a trainee surgeon perform their surgery under the supervision of a consultant and if patients would agree to having their photographs or X-rays used for education or research. We sought to discover if patients' decisions were related to demographic factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status and previous hospitalisation.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA questionnaire was administered to 104 patients immediately after their consent was obtained at the Orthopaedic Surgery Clinic and Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Clinic at the National University Hospital, Singapore or after admission at the Day Surgery Centre. Only patients undergoing elective orthopaedic or hand surgery were recruited.

RESULTSSixty-eight per cent of the patients refused to have a trainee surgeon perform their surgery. However, 96% of the patients consented to the use of their photographs or X-rays for teaching. Demographic factors found to be statistically significant were education level and age of the patients. Patients with higher educational levels were more likely to refuse trainee surgeons compared to the group with little or no education [odds ratio (OR), 4.57] but they were more likely to consent to the use of their photographs or X-rays (OR, 0.13).

CONCLUSIONSMost patients are reluctant to have a trainee surgeon operate on them. This was strongly related to the level of education attained by the patient and the age of the patient.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Clinical Competence ; standards ; Education, Medical, Graduate ; standards ; Educational Measurement ; Educational Status ; Female ; Hand ; surgery ; Health Care Surveys ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Internship and Residency ; standards ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orthopedics ; education ; Prospective Studies ; Singapore ; Surveys and Questionnaires