Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease that is caused by Toxoplasma gondii in livestock and humans. Due to its medical and veterinary importance, it is essential to study the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection among humans and animals in various parts of the world. The major objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants (sheep and goats) of north-eastern region, Pakistan. A total of 1,000 animals comprising of sheep (n=470) and goats (n=530) were examined for T. gondii infection by using ELISA. An epidemiological data was collected in the form of questionnaire. A surface has been generated by using method of interpolation in Arc GIS with the help of IDW (inverse distance weight). The results showed higher seroprevalence of T. gondii in goats (42.8%) as compared to sheep (26.2%). The seroprevalence was higher in females as compared to males in all examined ruminants. Similarly, there is a wide variation in the seroprevalence of T. gondii in different breeds of sheep and goats showing higher seroprevalence in Teddy (52.8%) and Damani breed (34.5%) of goat and sheep's, respectively. The geographical and spatial distribution of T. gondii shows that it is widely distributed in different parts of the north-eastern region of Pakistan. Our results suggest widespread environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts. It suggests us that small ruminants could be a potentially important source of T. gondii infection if their infected meat is consumed undercooked.
Animals ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Goats* ; Humans ; Livestock ; Male ; Meat ; Methods ; Oocysts ; Pakistan* ; Ruminants ; Seroepidemiologic Studies* ; Sheep* ; Toxoplasma ; Toxoplasmosis*

This study investigated the impact of online shopping addiction on compulsive buying behaviour and life satisfaction write among students which include both male and females from different cities of Pakistan. The purpose of the study was to find scientifically that whether online shopping addiction has impact on compulsive buying behaviour and life satisfaction or not. Research participants were 300 individuals, 150 males and 150 females with age range of 20 to 30 years. The study is quantitative in nature. Purposive sampling technique has been used. The online shopping addiction scale. Compulsive buying behaviour screening tool by maccarrone-eaglen and schofield in 2017 and the satisfaction with life scale by diener, emmons, larsen and griffin in 1985 were administered on the participants. To test the hypothesis, descriptive statistics, linear regression, Pearson bivariate correlation and t test, were used. The findings of present study highlights that online shopping addiction is strong predictor of compulsive buying behaviour and life satisfaction. It also indicated that online shopping addiction and compulsive buying behaviour are having significant positive correlation between them while online shopping addiction and compulsive buying behaviour have significant negative correlation with life satisfaction. The results also show that female students have higher score on online shopping addiction and compulsive buying behaviour while male students have higher score on life satisfaction. Hypothetical and actual results are closely related.