Prophylaxis is sometimes offered to inpatients who share a room with, or individuals who have been in close contact with, patients who have contracted influenza. In our hospital, 5-day prophylactic oseltamivir has been used as a standard procedure. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of this post-exposure prophylaxis for inpatients and healthcare professionals, as well as its effect on hospital management. The study period was 5 years from fiscal year 2013 to fiscal year 2017, and the effectiveness outcome was the secondary infection rate. Medication costs for this prophylaxis were compared with those for oseltamivir used according to the package insert. The secondary infection rates were 3.0% and 0.5% in 133 inpatients and 434 healthcare professionals who had received post-exposure oseltamivir, respectively. The medication costs were reduced by 50% compared with the estimated costs for 10-day oseltamivir administration. The effectiveness of 5-day prophylactic oseltamivir was similar to or higher than that reported previously, indicating that this prophylaxis was effective. Moreover, 5-day post-exposure prophylactic oseltamivir is expected to reduce the prolongation of hospital stay and influenza outbreaks and thus contribute to hospital management.

The excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is a public health concern worldwide. Several clinical trials examining the effects of consuming sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup demonstrated the link between this consumption and increased risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. In this issue of Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, Li et al. examined the sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among undergraduate students and evaluated the relationship between this consumption and the "late" chronotype, sleep duration, and weight increase. They concluded that the sugar-sweetened beverage intake might mediate the associations among sleep duration, late chronotype, and weight gain and that the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages in the evening may be a risk factor for the development of overweight/obesity. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials provided evidence that the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages promotes weight gain in both children and adults. The World Health Organization guideline highly recommends reducing the intake of sugars to less than 10% of one's total energy intake. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet and the Mediterranean diet were shown to help individuals refrain from sweets and sugar-containing beverages. A global evaluation revealed how much disability during accumulated lifetime hours is due to sugar-sweetened beverages. Interventions are necessary, but many individuals find it quite difficult to reduce or eliminate their high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages. The taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages was demonstrated to have a significant positive influence on individuals' planned purchases and the probability of the purchase of healthy beverages. Western countries are working on the social regulation of sugar-sweetened beverages, but Japan has not implemented any similar regulations. The social regulation of sugar-sweetened beverages is necessary to stop the increase of diabetes morbidity and the increase in dementia that often accompanies this morbidity.
Adult ; Beverages ; Child ; Energy Intake ; Humans ; Japan ; Life Expectancy ; Prospective Studies ; Sugars

Objective : In 2011, the Ishikawa Prefectural Joint Committee of Blood Transfusion Therapy was organized in Ishikawa Prefecture. Since 2012, pharmacists have promoted educational activities regarding the appropriate use of albumin products for different occupations based on a survey involving all medical institutions in Ishikawa Prefecture. We examined the effects of these activities with respect to the usage of albumin products. Methods : A questionnaire survey regarding blood transfusion therapy, including the total usage of albumin products, departments responsible for the management of albumin products, and health care professionals’ awareness of issues on the appropriate use of albumin products, was conducted from 2011 until 2014 involving all medical institutions where blood transfusion preparations were used in Ishikawa Prefecture. Results : The questionnaire collection rate was ≥70%. The results showed that, in middle- or small-scale medical institutions, departments/physicians other than the Department of Pharmacy were responsible for the management of albumin products. Furthermore, some health care professionals did not recognize/understand problems regarding the appropriate use of albumin products. Pharmacists newly increased educational activities by study meetings for various occupations or panel discussions involving participants. The participants’ occupations varied, and the number of institutions to which they belonged was 20 to 24. The total usage of albumin products in Ishikawa Prefecture decreased by approximately 20% between 2011, when these attempts were started, and 2014. Discussion : This study suggests that the educational activities by pharmacists and other health care professionals at the prefectural level reduced the total usage of albumin products.