This report offers descriptive data about the drugs utilized in outpatient department (OPD) of Yeungnam University Hospital (YUH) in the period of March to August in 1985. The data in this report were produced by the computerized totalization of the number of mentions of individual drugs included in the prescriptions. The 100 drug entries that were most frequently recorded are listed in rank order. The listing is arbiturarily restricted to the drugs that were prescribed as single preparations, the drugs of basis of compound preparations and the drugs of adjuvant or corrective of compound preparations that have significant therapeutic effects either by generic names. And in addition, the listing also involves the compound preparations used in relatively large frequency, and the individual components of which have the unique pharmacological actions each other by proprietary names. And all routes of administrations were allowed. The 10 drugs most frequently named are diazepam, aluminum compounds, acetaminophen, isoniazid, metoclopramide, polaramine®, carboxymethylcystein, ephedrine, codeine and caroverine in order. The 521, 855 drug mentions listed as above are described by the chief therapeutic usage that each is intended to apply generally. The drugs which account the largest proportion of total mentions were those acting on the central nervous system (20.57%), including tranquillizers and sedative hypnotics (11.71%), analgesic antipyretics (5.55%), antidepressants (2.15%) etc. Gastrointestinal drugs and smooth muscle preparations (18.64%) included antacids and antiulcer drugs (9.24%), antiemetics (3.57%), spasmolytics (3.14%) and others. Respiratory drugs (16.11%) included expectorants and cough preparations (10.99%) and bronchodilators (5.12%). Chemotherapeutic agents (15.12%) included the antiTbc drugs (7.09%) most frequently, and the penicillins (3.33%) accounted the largest proportion among the antibiotics. Cardiovascular drugs (5.64%) included cardiac drugs and coronary vasodilator (4.12%) and antihypertensives and vasodilators (1.06%). And antiinflammatory drugs (4.33%), vitamins of single preparations (3.76%), hormones and their antagonists (3.29%), common cold preparations (3.12%), diuretics (2.81%), drugs supporting liver function (2.02%), drugs affecting autonomic nervous system (1.89%) including antiglaucomas, atropine and cerebral vasodilators, antihistamine drug (1.02%) and disinfectants (0.74%) were following in order. The data in the report were compared to those reported by H. Koch, et al. in United States (US), 1981 as “Drugs Most Frequently Used in Office Practice : National Ambulatory Medical Case Survey, 1981.” Cardiovascular drugs prescribed in YUH were much less in proportion than in US (10.56%), but gastrointestinal drugs accounted the larger proportion than in US (3.72%). Expectorants and preparations in YUH also accounted the larger proportion than in US (2.74%). In conclusion, in the period of March to August, 1985, OPD of YUH prescribed the CNS drugs including diazepam most frequently, and gastrointestinal, respiratory and chemotherapeutic drugs in next orders. It is supposed that the eating habits of Koreans and a unique atmospheric condition in Taegu as a basin were some important factors that affected the proportions of drugs acting on gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
Acetaminophen ; Aluminum Compounds ; Antacids ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antidepressive Agents ; Antiemetics ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Antipyretics ; Atropine ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Bronchodilator Agents ; Cardiovascular Agents ; Central Nervous System ; Codeine ; Common Cold ; Cough ; Daegu ; Diazepam ; Disinfectants ; Diuretics ; Eating ; Ephedrine ; Expectorants ; Gastrointestinal Agents ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Isoniazid ; Liver ; Metoclopramide ; Muscle, Smooth ; Outpatients ; Parasympatholytics ; Penicillins ; Prescriptions ; Respiratory System ; Therapeutic Uses ; United States ; Vasodilator Agents ; Vitamins

No abstract available.
Autonomic Agents* ; Autonomic Nervous System*

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which thin-section and volumetric three-dimensional CT can depict airway reactivity to bronchostimulator, and to assess the effect of different airway sizes on the degree of reactivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In eight dogs, thin-section CT scans were obtained before and after the administration of methacholine and ventolin. Cross-sectional areas of bronchi at multiple levels, as shown by axial CT, proximal airway volume as revealed by three-dimensional imaging, and peak airway pressure were mea-sured. The significance of airway change induced by methacholine and ventolin, expressed by percentage changes in cross-sectional area, proximal airway volume, and peak airway pressure was statistically evaluated, as was correlation between the degree of airway reactivity and the area of airways. RESULTS: Cross-sectional areas of the bronchi decreased significantly after the administration of methacholine, and scans obtained after a delay of 5 minutes showed that normalization was insufficient. Ventolin induced a significant increase in cross-sectional areas and an increase in proximal airway volume, while the effect of methacholine on the latter was the opposite. Peak airway pres-sure increased after the administration of methacholine, and after a 5-minute delay its level was near that of the control state. Ventolin, however, induced no significant decrease. The degree of airway reactivity did not correlate with airway size. CONCLUSION: Thin-section and volumetric spiral CT with three-dimensional reconstruction can demonstrate airway reactivity to bronchostimulator. The degree of reactivity did not correlate with airway size.
Albuterol/pharmacology ; Animal ; Bronchoconstriction/*physiology ; Bronchoconstrictor Agents/*pharmacology ; Bronchodilator Agents/*pharmacology ; Dogs ; *Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Methacholine Chloride/pharmacology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods

Background: Systemic absorption of topical phenylephrine administered during mydriasis may potentially cause hemodynamic changes in patients. Objective: To compare the hemodynamic outcomes between patients given tropicamide+phenylephrine and those given tropicamide alone for mydriasis. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic, Southern Philippines Medical Center, Davao City, from April to June 2017. Participants: 56 male and female patients aged ≥ 19 years and scheduled for mydriasis. Interventions: Random allocation to either one drop of 0.5% tropicamide plus 0.5% phenylephrine or one drop of 0.5% tropicamide for mydriasis of the examined eye. Main outcome measures: Mean systolic BP, mean diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, mean heart rate, and at least one episode of tachycardia or bradycardia. Main results: Thirty (53.57%) patients received tropicamide drops, and the rest received tropicamide+phenylephrine drops. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the two intervention groups were comparable at baseline. The mean blood pressures and heart rates at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes postmydriasis did not significantly differ between the two groups. Four patients from the tropicamide group, and none from the phenylephrine+tropicamide group had tachycardia (p=0.1153). On the other hand, five patients from the tropicamide group, and four from the phenylephrine+tropicamide group had bradycardia (p=1.0000). Conclusion Hemodynamic outcomes did not significantly differ up to 60 minutes after mydriasis between patients who received tropicamide+phenylephrine drops and those who received tropicamide drops.
Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Sympathomimetics ; Muscarinic Antagonists ; Parasympatholytics

The therapeutic applications of Soft Contact Lenses including its optical use are most popular, devices in Ophthalmological field. The presoaked soft contact lenses (Bionite Lens) by 1% pilocarpine,10% phenylnephrine. 1% homatropine, and 1% atropine for 4 minutes are inserted into the albino rabbit and the size of pupil was measured using mm. caliper under the dim red light in the dark room. Hourly measurements were carried out and were stopped in each subject when the pupil size of both eyes had returned to normal. The pupil size of control group, which only the above drug were instilled into the conjunctival cuI de sac, was also measured as the same method. As conclusion using soft contact lens in the therapeutic purpose, it potentiate the effect of medication and prolong the time of drug effect compared with the control groups.
Atropine ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic* ; Miotics* ; Mydriatics* ; Pupil

The Effects of Some Autonomic Drugs on the Elevated Intraocular Tension of the Rabbit were Investigated. 1) Intravenous or local administration of Acetylcholine isoproterenol, a small dose of epinephrine and local large dose of epinephrine shortened the recovery time of the elevated. intraocular tension of normal level. 2) Intravenous or local administration of norepinephrine and intravenous large dose of epinephrine lengthened the recovery time. 3) A small dose of intravenous dimethylphenylpiperazinium shortened the recovery time, while large dose of the former lengthened the latter. 4) Intravenous hexamethonium, Bretylium, regitine, and small dose of atropine lengthened it From the above results, it is suggested that there are cholinergic, adrenergic alpha and beta receptor in the regulatory organs of the intraocular tension and autonomic nervous system plays an important role in regulating the intraocular tension.
Acetylcholine ; Atropine ; Autonomic Agents* ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide ; Epinephrine ; Hexamethonium ; Isoproterenol ; Norepinephrine ; Phentolamine

BACKGROUND: An acceleration or deceleration of the heart rate (HR), which reflects autonomic effects, is observed before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). The purpose of this study was to assess the discrepancy in the autonomic interactions before the onset of PAF for different patterns of change in the HR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 105 Holter tapes with the PAF recorded, 55 episodes (42 patients, 34 men, 58+/-12 years) of PAF (>5 min), preceded by a sinus rhythm for more than 1 hour, were selected and submitted to time-domain and frequency-domain HR variability analyses. Fifty-five episodes were divided into 2 groups: group A PAF (n=30) with acceleration of the HR during the last 2 minutes before the PAF and group B (n=25) with deceleration of the HR. RESULTS: A significant linear decrease in the mean R-R interval was observed in group A (924+/-30 to 835+/-28 ms, P=0.001) and an increase from 831+/-32 to 866+/-31 ms in group B PAF episodes (P=0.046). In the frequency-domain analyses, the LF/HF ratio exhibited a progressive linear increase before the PAF in group A (P=0.005). The HF normalized units (HFnu) and natural logarithm-transformed HF (lnHF) values decreased from 30.8+/-4.0 to 16.1+/-1.8 (P=0.003) and 4.49+/-0.25 to 4.07+/-0.22 (P=0.001), respectively. Contrary to the results in group A, a significant increase in the HF components (HFnu and lnHF) (from 22.6+/-3.2 to 30.2+/-4.0, P=0.005, and 4.27+/-0.27 to 4.75 0.33, P=0.001, respectively) and a resultant decrease in the LF/HF ratio were observed in group B PAF episodes. No significant changes were observed in the LF components in either PAF group. CONCLUSION: Autonomic stimuli leading to an acceleration or deceleration of the HR before the onset of AF are due to parasympathetic modulation. Parasympathetic modulation plays a key role in the initiation of PAF
Acceleration ; Atrial Fibrillation* ; Autonomic Agents ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Deceleration ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Male

Local release of neurotransmitters from autonomic nerve fibers in the nasal mucosa is known to play an important role for the protection of the lower airways. In addition to classical neurotransmitters, a diverse collection of neuropeptides are found in the sensory, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nerve fibers and may act as co-transmitters or modulators of effects induced by classical neurotransmitters. In the nasal mucosa, these neuropeptides are known to regulate the blood flow and content, secretory activity, and other epithelial functions and to be involved in the regulation of immunological reactions. There are increasing evidences that neuropeptides may play an important role in the pathophysiologic events in both specific and nonspecific hyperreactivity. Further study on the neuropeptides is needed to clarify the pathophysiologic mechanisms of nasal mucosal hyperreactivity.
Autonomic Pathways ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Nerve Fibers ; Neuropeptides ; Neurotransmitter Agents

There are many reports about post-anesthetic nausea and vomiting. Pst-anesthetic nausea and vomiting can cause not only severe discomfort but also many complications. McKie (1970) said that the incidence varies from 23% 82%. But nowadays, the incidence seems greatly decreased due to the development of anesthetic techniques and anesthetic agents. We studied the incidence and factors affecting nausea and vomiting in 564 patients under general anesthesia from July 1, 1975. to September 30, 1975. at Severance Hospital, The conclusions are as follows; (1) The over all incidence is 34%. (2) It is more common in women. (3) It is less common below 10 years of age. (4) It is more common after prolonged anesthesia. (5) It is most common with ether. (6) It is more common when parasympatholytic agents are used for premedication. (7) It is most common in abdominal operations. We also studied post-anesthetic headache, and the incidence was 15%. Post-anesthetic headache was most common with halothane. There are many different opinions about the effect of the prophylactic use of antiemetics for post-anesthetic nausea and vomiting. So we studied the prophylactic antiemetic effect in ether anesthesia with the use of perphenazine HCI (Trimin). The antiemetic reduced the incidence from 42% to 3% in cases using ether.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Anesthetics ; Antiemetics ; Ether ; Female ; Halothane ; Headache ; Humans ; Incidence ; Nausea* ; Parasympatholytics ; Perphenazine ; Premedication ; Vomiting*

Puillary capture in an unusual complication of posterior chamber intraocuIar lens (PCL) implantation and may occur in the early or late postoperative period. An analysis of clinical records was made in 27 pupillary capture cases receiving PCL from Jan 1, 1986 to Mar. 31, 1990. Twenty-two cases (81.5%) were male, and five cases (18.5%) were female. Among the captured PCL, 6.0mm optic and 13.5mm length PCLs were most commonly implanted. All PCLs used in the study had lO degrees angulation of the IOL loops and asymmetric fixation of loop was noted in 5.9% of all pupillary catpure cases. The interval between cataract operation and pupillary capture was variable but most cases (81.5%) of pupillary capture were developed within one year after operation. The subjective symptoms and signs of pupillary capture were decreased vision, glare, double vision, conjunctival injection, tearing and discomfortness while 12 cases (44.4%) had no subjectIve symptoms The reposition of pupillary capture was successfully done by using mydriatics and miotics in 15 of 27 cases (55.6%) and surgical correction was needed in only 2 cases. The recurrence was developed in 53.3% of cases that were corrected with mydriatics Complictions of pupillary capture were iridocapsular or iridolenticular adhesion, atrophy and depigmentation of iris, transient iritis, and pupillary distortion.
Atrophy ; Cataract ; Diplopia ; Female ; Glare ; Humans ; Iris ; Iritis ; Male ; Miotics ; Mydriatics ; Postoperative Period ; Recurrence