Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by impaired social communication and repetitive, restricted behaviors and activities. The prevalence of ASD has been increasing for the past 2 decades, but evidence-based therapeutic approaches are lacking for patients with ASD. To date, there is no cure for the core symptoms of ASD, and the existing treatments focus on improving the patient's function and adaptation by using behavioral intervention methods. Behavioral interventions have been proven to show the greatest effect when applied before the age of 2 years, for at least 40-60 hours per week. Many clinicians and ASD families are unfamiliar with the treatment methods, and consequently, may seek unproven and potentially hazardous methods. The purpose of this article was to present an extensive and updated review on evidence-based ASD behavioral interventions that are commonly used in clinical settings.
Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Humans ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the development of social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related influencing factors. METHODS: A total of 889 children with ASD in 10 cities of China were enrolled as subjects. The Autism Social Skills Scale was used to assess their social skills. RESULTS: The children with ASD had a lower score of each factor than the theoretical median, with the lowest score for social communication and the highest score for self-regulation. There were significant differences in the total score of social skills and the scores of social cognition and social participation between the children with ASD in different age groups (P<0.05). There were also significant differences in the total score of social skills and the scores of social orientation, social communication, social participation, and self-regulation between the ASD children with different language levels (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Children with ASD have low social skills, and their social skills are associated with age and language level.
Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Child ; Humans ; Social Skills

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to examine the prevalence and characteristics of savant skills and the relationship between the savant skills and autistic symptoms in Korean ASD children. METHODS: 141 ASD subjects participated in this study and they were divided in to two groups based on the presence or lack of savant skills. The domain scores and total scores of the K-ADI-R, K-ASDS and SRS were used for evaluating the ASD symptoms between the groups. RESULTS: Memory (n=47) was the most prevalent savant skill in the savant ASD group (n=60). The savant ASD group had a statistically higher mean age and IQ score than did the nonsavant ASD group. Despite their high IQ profile, the savant ASD group showed a higher restricted, repetitive and stereotype behavior score on the K-ADI-R and higher language and cognitive scores on the K-ASDS than did the nonsavant ASD group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest savant syndrome in ASD might be related to the severity of some subdomain of autistic symptoms even though their IQ scores were higher than nonsavant ASD patients.
Autistic Disorder ; Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Humans ; Memory ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy of family rehabilitation treatment performed by parents under the guidance of professionals in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: In the prospective study, 60 children with ASD, aged 24-60 months, were randomly divided into an observation group and a conventional group. The parents of the children in the conventional group received an online training on basic knowledge and rehabilitation training of ASD alone, and those in the observation group received the online training and performed family rehabilitation treatment under the guidance of a professional team. Psycho-Education Profile Third Edition (PEP-3) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were used to evaluate the changes in related abilities after intervention. RESULTS: After 6 months of intervention, the scores of all dimensions of the PEP-3 scale in the observation group and most dimensions of the conventional group significantly increased ( CONCLUSIONS An online training on basic knowledge and rehabilitation training of ASD for parents can improve the abilities and core clinical symptoms of children with ASD. The family rehabilitation treatment model with a team of professionals as the resource platform and parents as the performer has a more significant efficacy on improving the language, sports, and other abilities and alleviating the severity of the symptoms in children with ASD.
Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Autistic Disorder ; Child ; Humans ; Parents ; Prospective Studies

Autism Spectrum Disorder/therapy* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Consensus ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and type of abnormal brain structure in preschool and school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: A total of 74 252 preschool and school-aged children aged 3-12 years in Shanghai were enrolled as subjects. A questionnaire survey was performed to collect basic information, and their parents and teachers completed the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) based on the children's conditions. ASD was diagnosed by specialist physicians according to the DSM-5 criteria. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed according to their parents' desires. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rate of ASD was 2.59‰ (192/74 252) in the preschool and school-aged children. Brain MRI data were collected from 73 children with ASD and 185 healthy children. Among the 73 children with ASD, 40 (55%) had abnormal brain structure, and the most common types were unilateral or bilateral ventriculomegaly in 32 children (80%) and unilateral or bilateral deep frontotemporal sulci in 12 children (30%). Children with ASD showed lower white matter signal in bilateral ventricular and unilateral or bilateral deep frontotemporal sulci, compared to their normal peers (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence rate of abnormal brain structure in preschool and school-aged children with ASD, with major types of unilateral or bilateral ventriculomegaly and unilateral or bilateral deep frontotemporal sulci. It is speculated that abnormal brain structure might be associated with the pathogenesis of ASD, and further studies are needed to clarify the association between abnormal brain structure and symptoms in children with ASD.
Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Humans ; Parents ; Prevalence

Developmental disorders such as mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, and learning disorders are frequently associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The existing data for the pharmacological treatment of ADHD symptoms with developmental disorders suggest that the agents used to treat ADHD in typically developing children appear to have some benefit. However, the risks of treatment including side effect in these population appear to be greater than in typically developing children. Therefore, when considering pharmacotherapy for developmental disorders with ADHD symptoms, a cautious approach of starting with a low dosage and close monitoring of side effect are recommended.
Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Learning Disorders

Developmental disorders such as mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, and learning disorders are frequently associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The existing data for the pharmacological treatment of ADHD symptoms with developmental disorders suggest that the agents used to treat ADHD in typically developing children appear to have some benefit. However, the risks of treatment including side effect in these population appear to be greater than in typically developing children. Therefore, when considering pharmacotherapy for developmental disorders with ADHD symptoms, a cautious approach of starting with a low dosage and close monitoring of side effect are recommended.
Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Learning Disorders

Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been rapidly spreading worldwide and affecting the physical and mental health of the general population. It may have even more serious potential harm to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This paper provides a literature review on the psychological and behavioral problems experienced by children with ASD during the COVID-19 epidemic, as well as the factors influencing these issues. The findings of this review can serve as a basis for clinical research on ASD children.
Humans ; Child ; Problem Behavior ; COVID-19 ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Epidemics

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the common neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Its etiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Previous studies have suggested potential changes in the complement and coagulation pathways in individuals with ASD. In this study, using multiple reactions monitoring proteomic technology, 16 of the 33 proteins involved in this pathway were identified as differentially-expressed proteins in plasma between children with ASD and controls. Among them, CFHR3, C4BPB, C4BPA, CFH, C9, SERPIND1, C8A, F9, and F11 were found to be altered in the plasma of children with ASD for the first time. SERPIND1 expression was positively correlated with the CARS score. Using the machine learning method, we obtained a panel composed of 12 differentially-expressed proteins with diagnostic potential for ASD. We also reviewed the proteins changed in this pathway in the brain and blood of patients with ASD. The complement and coagulation pathways may be activated in the peripheral blood of children with ASD and play a key role in the pathogenesis of ASD.
Child ; Humans ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/metabolism* ; Proteomics ; Brain/metabolism*