One of the most common psychiatric disorders in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Its course and outcome are heterogeneous. Sensory processing problems impact the nature of response to daily events. ADHD and sensory problems may occur together and interact. No published review article about sensory processing problems in children with ADHD were found. A systematic search, conducted on Pub-Med (up to January 2010), and Google Scholar, yielded 255 abstracts on sensory processing problems in children including 11 studies about sensory problems in children with ADHD. Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD is not a well studied area. Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD are more common than in typically developing children. Findings do not support that ADHD subtypes are distinct disorders with regard to sensory processing problems. However, co-morbidity with oppositional defiant disorder and anxiety are predictors of more severe sensory processing problems in children with ADHD.
Anxiety ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: There are no published prevalence estimates of elimination disorders and their association with disruptive-behavior disorders among children in the Asian region using standardized diagnostic interviews. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of elimination disorders and its association with disruptive-behavior disorders in a representative sample of children in Seoul, Korea. METHODS: The diagnosis of enuresis and encopresis was derived from parent-reported data for "enuresis and encopresis," collected using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, from a representative sample of 6- to 12-year-old children (n=1,645) who participated in the 2005 Seoul Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey. Prevalence data for attention deficit and disruptive-behavior disorders were collected from the same sample. RESULTS: The overall 12-month prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and encopresis was 1.8% and 0.6%, respectively. Enuresis and encopresis prevalence in boys was significantly greater than that in girls. Enuresis and encopresis was most common at 7 to 9 years of age. Enuresis was significantly associated with ADHD (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.9) and conduct disorder (CD; OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.0-22.4). CONCLUSION: Enuresis is significantly associated with ADHD and CD, so these conditions must be assessed together during the evaluation of children with enuresis.
Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Conduct Disorder* ; Diagnosis ; Elimination Disorders ; Encopresis ; Enuresis ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Nocturnal Enuresis* ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVE: Oxidative metabolism is impaired in several medical conditions including psychiatric disorders, and this imbalance may be involved in the etiology of these diseases. The present study evaluated oxidative balance in pediatric and adolescent patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: The study included 48 children and adolescents (34 male, 14 female) with ADHD who had no neurological, systemic, or comorbid psychiatric disorders, with the exception of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and 24 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (17 male and seven female). RESULTS: TAS was significantly lower, and TOS and OSI were significantly higher in patients with ADHD than in healthy controls. Total antioxidant levels were lower in patients with comorbid ODD than in those with no comorbidity. No difference was found in TOS or OSI among the ADHD subtypes; however, TAS was higher in the attention-deficient subtype. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that oxidative balance is impaired and oxidative stress is increased in children and adolescents with ADHD. This results are consistent with those of previous studies.
Adolescent* ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Child* ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolism* ; Oxidative Stress

OBJECTIVES: To study the association between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and parenting style in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: A case-control study was performed on 482 children with ADHD, among whom 322 did not have ODD (simple ADHD group) and 160 had ODD (ADHD+ODD group). General demographic data and the Parenting Style Scale assessment scores were collected from the two groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between parenting style and ODD in children with ADHD. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in parenting style scores (including rejection factor, emotional warmth factor, overprotection factor, and preference factor) and general demographic data between the simple ADHD and ADHD+ODD groups (P>0.05). Among the children with the predominantly inattentive type of ADHD, the older the child or the lower the father's educational level, the higher the risk of ODD (P<0.05), while there was no significant association between parenting style and the development of ODD (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Parenting style is not significantly associated with the development of ODD in children with ADHD. In clinical practice, it is necessary to eliminate the stereotype that the parents of children with ADHD and comorbid ODD have a poor parenting style and look for the causes of development of ODD from multiple perspectives, so as to provide reasonable intervention recommendations.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Parenting ; Parents

This article provides an overview of the major psychiatric disorders in the adolescence. Attention and disruptive behavior disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, alcohol and substance use disorders, and schizophrenia are the main diagnostic categories of adolescent psychiatric disorders. Attention and disruptive behavior disorders include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. Mood disorders include depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders include obsessive compulsive disorder, social phobia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Eating disorders and tic disorders are described in the category of other disorders. This article discusses the demographic and clinical characteristics of the aforementioned disorders, focusing on the adolescent-specific clinical characteristics and the possible co-morbid conditions of each disorder. Diagnostic and evaluative points of each disorder for clinicians are also highlighted.
Adolescent ; Anxiety Disorders ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Bipolar Disorder ; Conduct Disorder ; Depressive Disorder ; Feeding and Eating Disorders ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Mood Disorders ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ; Phobic Disorders ; Schizophrenia ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Tic Disorders

OBJECTIVE: This community based study was conducted to evaluate the association between pre- and perinatal factors and symptoms of ADHD. METHOD: 1800 children from 10 elementary schools in an urban community were recruited by randomized sampling method. We evaluated the symptoms of ADHD by Child Behavior Check List, Disruptive behavior disorder scale from 2 sources (parent & teacher). A thorough evaluation of perinatal problems was carried out. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical method using SPSS 10.0 window version. RESULT: In the pre- & peri-natal events, boy, low SES, use of forceps, emotional stress, prolonged labor time and postpartum depression were significantly more frequent in attention deficit group compared to normal group. After controlling sex and SES, further analyses we revealed emotional stress, prolonged labor, and postpartum depression as risk factors of ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION: These findings implied that pre- & perinatal biological and environmental risk factors could be symptom risk factors of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Further research should prove the etiological association of these factors.
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Depression, Postpartum ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy* ; Risk Factors* ; Stress, Psychological ; Surgical Instruments

OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous disorder with contradictory findings about smell detection function. It is not clear if the parent perceived behavior related to olfactory function is associated with age, gender, severity of ADHD, and cooccurring symptoms of anxiety and oppositional behavior in children with ADHD. METHODS: Participants were a clinical sample of 104 children and adolescents with ADHD using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria by a semi-structured interview. Parent perceived behavior related to olfactory processing function was assessed trough a questionnaire. The parent reported Olfactory Functioning Checklist was used to evaluate "seeking behavior and over-responsiveness to smell (SSBO)" and "smell detection ability (SDA)". RESULTS: ADHD and separation anxiety symptoms count (severity) predicted the SDA scale score. None of the variables of gender, age, ADHD subtypes, co-morbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and symptom count of ODD predicted SSBO and SDA scales' scores. CONCLUSION: Parent reported behavior related to olfactory detection impairment increased with higher ADHD and anxiety severity. It is independent of age and gender.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Anxiety, Separation ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Automatic Data Processing ; Checklist ; Child ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smell

The patient is a 21-year old male, whose developmental history served as a fertile ground of predisposing factors for yielding a psychiatric diagnosis. He grew up without a mother in a dysfunctional home, without rules to follow or consequences for his disobedience. He did not receive clear instructions on what was right or wrong and did not have any good role models for an orderly life and stable relationship. Instead, he was given undeserved freedom at a very young age, and then at 21 years old, he became detached, anxious, distracted, and purposeless.

Human ; Male ; Young Adult ; Methylphenidate ; Valproic Acid ; Anxiety ; Apathy ; Causality ; Freedom ; Life ; Mental Disorders ; Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity ; Attention Deficit And Disruptive Behavior Disorders

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the feature of emotional regulation and executive functions in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) children. METHODS: The emotional regulation and executive functions of adolescents with ODD, as well as the relationship between the two factors were analyzed using tools including Adolescent Daily Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ADERQ), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), in comparison with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children without behavioral problem and healthy children; the ADERQ assessed emotional regulation ability and others were used to assess executive function. RESULTS: Compared to normal children, the ODD group displayed significant differences in the scores of cognitive reappraisal, rumination, expressive suppression, and revealing of negative emotions, as well as in the score of cognitive reappraisal of positive emotions. WCST perseverative errors were well correlated with rumination of negative emotions (r=0.47). Logistic regression revealed that the minimum number of moves in the Stocking of Cambridge (SOC) test (one test in CANTAB) and negative emotion revealing, were strongly associated with ODD diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Children with ODD showed emotion dysregulation, with negative emotion dysregulation as the main feature. Emotion dysregulation and the lack of ability to plan lead to executive function deficits. The executive function deficits may guide us to understand the deep mechanism under ODD.
Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders* ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Executive Function* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Social Control, Formal ; Wisconsin

OBJECTIVES: Externalized behavioral problems are prevalent in adolescents, due to the difficulties associated with this developmental stage. Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), as well as other psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, result in the manifestation of many behavioral problems during adolescence. METHODS: For this report, we analyzed a sample of 31 adolescents, each of whom had presented with CD or ODD at Chosun University Hospital between 2002 and 2010. We separated subjects into depressed and non-depressed groups according to their Beck Depression Inventory scores (BDI<10, non-depressed ; BDI> or =10, depressed). Then we analyzed for neuropsychological differences between the depressed and non-depressed groups. RESULTS: In our sample, adolescents in the depressed group showed less of a stealing (deceitfulness and/or theft) behavioral pattern and presented with more anxiety symptoms, lower self-esteem, and greater sensitivity in interpersonal relationships, as compared to the non-depressed group. CONCLUSION: When adolescents exhibit disruptive behavior, clinicians should consider the underlying causes of the behavior.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; Conduct Disorder ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Humans ; Theft