Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; epidemiology ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Humans

No abstract available.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Autistic Disorder/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Behavior ; Humans ; Prevalence

Objective: To understand the prevalence of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children in China and provide scientific basis for early prevention and treatment of ADHD in children. Methods: A systematic literature retrieval was conducted by using CNKI, Wanfang data, CBM and VIP databases for the information about the prevalence of ADHD in children in China published from 1979 to 2017. Pubmed database was used to retrieve the literatures about ADHD prevalence in children in China published from 1946 to 2017. The quality of literature was evaluated based on the cross-sectional study criteria according to STROBE statement. Stata 12.0 was used for combined prevalence and subgroup analyses, including gender, regions, publication year, diagnostic criteria, sampling methods, and so on. Egger testing and the evaluation of funnel graph were used to evaluate the publication bias of these literatures, and sensitivity analysis was done by using different models and eliminating the influence of any one of these articles on combined effect value. Results: Twenty articles were included. The total sample size was 88 755, including 46 216 boys and 42 539 girls. The prevalence of ADHD in children in China was 5.6% (95%CI: 5.0%-6.3%). The prevalence was 7.7% (95%CI: 6.7%-8.8%) in boys and 3.4% (95%CI: 3.0%-3.8%) in girls, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). No statistically significance difference in the ADHD prevalence was observed between different regions publication years, diagnostic criteria and sampling methods. Conclusions: The prevalence of ADHD in children in China was high, and boys tended to have a higher prevalence compared with girls. Appropriate screening methods for early detection and intervention conduction of ADHD should be taken among children in China.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology* ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Sex Distribution

Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; classification ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Prognosis

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the physical growth and dietary characteristics of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to analyze their relationship with core symptoms of ADHD. METHODS: A total of 268 children who were newly diagnosed with ADHD in Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from June to December 2020 were included in the ADHD group, and 102 healthy children who underwent physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group. Physical evaluations and dietary surveys were conducted for both groups. ADHD diagnosis and scoring were performed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition). Factor analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and mediation analysis were used to study the relationship between core symptoms of ADHD, dietary patterns, and physical growth. RESULTS: The rate of overweight/obesity in the ADHD group was significantly higher than that in the control group (35.8% vs 21.6%, P<0.05). Three dietary patterns were extracted from the food frequency questionnaire: vegetarian dietary pattern, traditional dietary pattern, and snack/fast food pattern. The factor score for the snack/fast food pattern in the ADHD group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between ADHD symptom scores, snack/fast food pattern factor scores, and body fat percentage (P<0.05). The mediation analysis showed that the snack/fast food pattern played a partial mediating role in the relationship between ADHD symptom scores and body fat percentage, with a mediation proportion of 26.66%. CONCLUSIONS The rate of overweight/obesity in children with ADHD is higher than that in non-ADHD children. Core symptoms of ADHD are related to dietary patterns and physical growth, with the snack/fast food pattern playing a partial mediating role in the relationship between core symptoms of ADHD and physical growth.
Humans ; Child ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Overweight ; Pediatric Obesity ; Diet

PURPOSE: We sought to determine if maternal depression contributed to the use of corporal punishment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PATIENTS and METHODS: The data were gathered through chart review of clinic-referred children with ADHD and their mothers who were evaluated at a psychiatric clinic located in a large academic medical center in Seoul, Korea. Daily records kept by parents and 13 items from the Physical Assault of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC) were used to assess corporal punishment. Ninety-one children with ADHD and their mothers were included in this study. RESULTS: Mothers who used corporal punishment showed significantly higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (t = -2.952, df = 89, p < 0.01) than mothers who did not. Moreover, maternal depression contributed to the use of corporal punishment in ADHD children (Nagelkerke R(2) = 0.102, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Maternal depression contributes to the use of corporal punishment with children with ADHD. Assessment and management of the maternal depression should be an important focus of evaluation of children with ADHD.
Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology/*psychology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Depression/*epidemiology/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mothers/*psychology ; *Punishment/psychology

OBJECTIVES: Recent genetic studies have suggested a preferential transmission of the Dopamine D5 receptor gene (DRD5) 148bp marker allele. The aim of this study is to test the association between DRD5 and ADHD. METHODS: 106 Korean children with ADHD and their parents were analyzed using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haplotype-based haplotype relative risk test (HHRR). And also the ADHD children were compared with 212 age and gender matched normal controls. RESULTS: We found the evidence for an association of short alleles of DRD5 dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in both case control and family based studyies. Additionally, we observed some evidence for biased transmission of allele 152 bp and 144 bp. CONCLUSION: Our results lend credence to the notion that the relationship between ADHD and DRD5 is complex. The number of cases and informative transmissions in our study were small, therefore it would be premature to make any conclusions concerning the role of DRD5 in ADHD. Further work is needed to support these findings.
Alleles ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Case-Control Studies* ; Child ; Dinucleotide Repeats ; Dopamine* ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Parents ; Receptors, Dopamine D5*

OBJECTIVES: Recent genetic studies have suggested a preferential transmission of the Dopamine D5 receptor gene (DRD5) 148bp marker allele. The aim of this study is to test the association between DRD5 and ADHD. METHODS: 106 Korean children with ADHD and their parents were analyzed using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haplotype-based haplotype relative risk test (HHRR). And also the ADHD children were compared with 212 age and gender matched normal controls. RESULTS: We found the evidence for an association of short alleles of DRD5 dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in both case control and family based studyies. Additionally, we observed some evidence for biased transmission of allele 152 bp and 144 bp. CONCLUSION: Our results lend credence to the notion that the relationship between ADHD and DRD5 is complex. The number of cases and informative transmissions in our study were small, therefore it would be premature to make any conclusions concerning the role of DRD5 in ADHD. Further work is needed to support these findings.
Alleles ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Case-Control Studies* ; Child ; Dinucleotide Repeats ; Dopamine* ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Parents ; Receptors, Dopamine D5*

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical features and risk factors of co-morbid tic disorder (TD) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

METHODSA total of 312 children with ADHD were involved in this study. Subtypes of co-morbid TD, incidences of TD in different subtypes of ADHD (ADHD-I, ADHD-HI and ADHD-C) were observed. Thirteen potential factors influencing the comorbidity rate of TD in ADHD were evaluated by univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSForty-two of 312 children with ADHD suffered from co-morbid TD (13.5%). Comorbidity rate of TD in children with ADHD-C (24.1%) was significantly higher than in those with ADHD-HI (10.9%) and ADHD-I (8.8%) (P<0.05). There were 21 cases (50.0%) of transient TD, 12 cases (28.6%) of chronic TD, and 9 cases (21.4%) of Tourette syndrome. The univariate analysis revealed 6 factors associated with comorbidity: addiction to mobile phone or computer games, poor eating habits, infection, improper family education, poor relationship between parents and poor relationship with schoolmates. Multiple logistic analysis revealed two independent risk factors for comorbidity: improper family education (OR=7.000, P<0.05) and infection (OR=2.564, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of co-morbid TD in children with ADHD is influenced by many factors, and early interventions should be performed based on the main risk factors.

Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; complications ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Tic Disorders ; epidemiology ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo estimate the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with epilepsy, and the factors that may contribute to the prevalence of co-morbidity between ADHD and epilepsy.

METHODSA total of 256 children aged 6-15 years old who were diagnosed with epilepsy were enrolled. The prevalence of ADHD in children with epilepsy, and the factors that may contribute to the development of co-morbidity between ADHD and epilepsy were explored.

RESULTSThe systematic evaluation in 192 patients was completed. Of the 192 children, 81 (42.2%) were diagnosed with ADHD. The earlier the epilepsy onset, the higher the frequency of the co-morbidity of ADHD occurring. The longer the period of antiepileptic medication, the higher the prevalence of the co-morbidity of ADHD. Epileptic children receiving a combination of antiepileptic drugs had a higher prevalence of ADHD. ADHD was more common in children with some specific types of epilepsy, such as Lannox-Gastaut syndrome and generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy, or epilepsy with multifocal epileptic discharges in the EEG record.

CONCLUSIONSADHD occurs frequently in children with epilepsy. The factors associated with increased risk of ADHD include the onset age of epilepsy, the types of seizures or epileptic syndromes, the epileptiform EEG discharges, and the effects of antiepileptic drugs.

Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; complications ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence