Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; classification ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Prognosis

It is well-known that more than 50% of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) cases also have comorbid psychiatric disorders. We evaluated the comorbid psychopathology of Korean children and adolescents with ADHD using a standardized diagnostic instrument. The Korean Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL-K) was administered and completed in 105 patients who had been referred to the outpatient and inpatient clinics at the Samsung Medical Center from March 2004 to May 2005. All of the cases were diagnosed as ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria. We analyzed their clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidities, and assessed the correlation of any comorbidity with gender, age and ADHD subtype. Among our 105 participants, 70 (66.7%) subjects were diagnosed with combined-type ADHD, 22 (21.0%) were the predominantly inattentive type, only 1 (1.0%) was determined to have the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD, and 12 (11.4%) were classified as not otherwise specified (NOS) ADHD. Eighty (76.2%) subjects had at least one comorbid disorder such as oppositional defiant disorder (n = 53, 50.5%), anxiety disorders (n = 35, 33.3%) and affective disorders (n = 15, 14.3%). Our patients ranged in age from five to 16 years. Among the factors including gender, age, and ADHD subtype, ADHD subtype was the only one significant to comorbidity in our study. The results of this study suggest that psychiatric comorbidity in Korean children with ADHD is similar to the results of previous studies in western countries. Out of all the ADHD subtypes, the combined-type group had a significantly higher ratio of comorbid disorders and psychopathologies.
Tic Disorders/epidemiology ; Mood Disorders/epidemiology ; Mental Disorders/*epidemiology ; Male ; Korea/epidemiology ; Humans ; Female ; Elimination Disorders/epidemiology ; Comorbidity ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/classification/*epidemiology ; Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology ; Adolescent

OBJECTIVETo explore risk factors and protective factors of sensory integrative dysfunction (SID) among preschool and school children in Beijing, and to identify potential risk factors of SID.

METHODSThree hundred and ten kindergarten children were investigated twice in 1993 and 1999 by "The Child Sensory Integration Check List" and "General Information Questionnaire". A nested case-control study was carried out by single variable and multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis to find out the risk factors of SID.

RESULTSIn the SID incidence group, the risk factors of SID were edema during pregnancy (OR = 7.06), paternal age (OR = 1.28), suffering from diseases before 3 years old (OR = 1.13), while the protective factor was family support network during school age (OR = 0.54). In the SID self-recovery group, the risk factors of SID were suspected attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among maternal cousins (OR = 3.02), social ethos (OR = 1.69), consistency of parental discipline (OR = 1.45), while the protective factors were living condition and environment for entertainment (OR = 0.37), parental care during school age. In the SID negative group, the risk factors of SID were maternal contracted pelvis (OR = 3.45), less chance in enjoying audio and video entertainment during school age (OR = 1.98), suspected ADHD among paternal cousins (OR = 1.89), consistency of parental discipline (OR = 1.75), suspected ADHD among maternal cousins (OR = 1.48), paternal occupation during school age (OR = 1.19), while the protective factors were family support network (OR = 0.56) and maternal educational background (OR = 0.38) during preschool age.

CONCLUSIONOur data showed that the risk factors of child SID were mainly associated with biological and genetic factors. Psychosocial factors seemed to be the secondary risk factors of SID.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; classification ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Concept Formation ; Female ; Humans ; Learning Disorders ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Motor Skills ; physiology ; Problem Solving ; Psychomotor Disorders ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Verbal Learning