Many patients with cancer use complementary medicine that is used together with conventional medicine. The widespread use of complementary therapies in cancer patients has major implications for research and clinical practices. Some complementary therapies, such as polysaccharide K, Astragalus membranaceus and A. mistletoe, may offer therapeutic benefits for patients with cancer. However, others did not show significant clinical effects for cancer treatment. Therefore, it is important for physicians to communicate openly with cancer patients about the use of complementary therapy. In order to encourage open communications with their patients, physicians should be knowledgeable about the most commonly used remedies, or at least they should be able to direct patients to reliable sources of information.
Astragalus membranaceus ; Complementary Therapies ; Humans ; Mistletoe

We characterized two endophyte fungi from the leaves of Astragalus membranaceus in Korea. The isolated strains were identified on the basis of the morphological characters and sequences analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit regions of the rDNA and β-tubulin gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Diaporthe oncostoma and Diaporthe infecunda in Korea, and we have provided descriptions and figures.
Astragalus membranaceus* ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Fungi ; Korea*

To explore the status of the resources of Astragali Radix, a survey on its germplasm resources was carried out. Some conclusions can be drawn for Astragali Radix: the major source is the cultivated Astragalus mongolicus. The new major cultivation areas for A. mongolicus and A. membranaceus are Shandong and Gansu province. The semi-wildly planting model in Shanxi province maintains the genuine trait of Astragali Radix, but its yield is limited, and now a combination model has been developed. The major problems for Astragali Radix are the selection of planting sites, the rot root and difficulty in collecting and processing. Several developmental proposals for Astragali Radix were put forward including rational distribution of planting areas, establishment of standard system, development and standardization of producing technologies.
Astragalus Plant ; growth & development ; Astragalus membranaceus ; growth & development ; China

OBJECTIVETo study the isoflavonoid constituents of the roots of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus.

METHODSuch column chromatography methods as HPD-100 macroporous adsorption resin, silica gel, polyamide and Sephadex LH-20 gel were used for seperating and purifying isoflavonoids, and their structures were identified on the basis of spectral data.

RESULTFourteen compounds were separated and identified as: formononetin (1), ononin (2) calycosin (3), calycosin-7-O-beta-3-D-glucopyranoside (4), (6aR, 11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan (5), (6aR, 11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), (3R) -7,2'-dihydroxy-3', 4'-dimethoxyisoflavan (7), (3R) -7, 2'-dihydroxy-3', 4'-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), 6"-O-acetyl-ononin (9), 6"-O-acetyl-(3R) -7, 2'-dihydroxy-3', 4'-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10), 6"-O-acetyl-(6aR, 11aR)-3-hydroxy-9, 10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11), pratensein (12), sissotrin (13) and 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavone (14).

CONCLUSIONCompound 10 was a new compound. Compounds 9, 11, 13,14 were separated from A. membranaceus var. mongholicus for the first time.

Astragalus membranaceus ; chemistry ; Isoflavones ; analysis ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Plant Roots ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Astragalus membranaceus (APS) on the proliferation, osteogenic capacity and structure of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) in vitro.

METHODSPDLCs were cultured in vitro with APS of 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg x mL(-1). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTr), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cell structure were detected to determine the proliferation and differentiation of PDLCs proliferation and differentiation.

RESULTSWhen the APS was 0.2 mg x mL(-1), the absorbance of MTT and ALP exhibit significantly increased as compared to the control (P < 0.05). The cells cultured in vitro with APS of 0.2 mg x mL(-1) had the normal structure.

CONCLUSIONAPS with proper concentration in short-term culture may promote the proliferation and differentiation of PDLCs.

Alkaline Phosphatase ; Astragalus membranaceus ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; In Vitro Techniques ; Periodontal Ligament

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of astragalus membranaceus injection on sperm abnormality in Cd-induced rats.

METHODSThirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: low concentration abstragalus membranaceus group(A1), high concentration astragalus membranaceus group(A2), cyclophosphamide group (CP), cadmium chloride group (Cd) and control group (C). Astragalus membranaceus injections 5 g/(kg.d) or 10 g/(kg.d) were given intraperitoneally to the rats of the A1, A2, CP and Cd groups. After 7 days, cadmium chloride(0.2 mg Cd/kg body weight) was administrated by intraperitoneal injection stimultaneously to the A1, A2 and Cd group rats. At 22 d after cadmium chloride induction, the rats were sacrificed and the testis coefficient, testicular sperm count, daily sperm production, epididymal sperm count and percentage of sperm abnorality were observed, and the testes and epididymides were studied pathologically.

RESULTSTestis coefficient, testicular sperm count, daily sperm production and epididymal sperm count in the A2 group [(5.68 +/- 1.19), (49.01 +/- 8.78) x 10(6)/g, (10.25 +/- 2.30) x 10(6)/(g.d), (47.51 +/- 22.51) x 10(6)/ml] increased significantly compared with those of the Cd group [(3.11 +/- 0.16), (37.59 +/- 10.63) x 10(6)/g, (5.31 +/- 0.32) x 10(6)/(g.d), (10.89 +/- 2.45) x 10(6)/ml] (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The percentage of sperm abnormality in the A2 group [(7.04 +/- 0.12)%] decreased significantly compared with that of the Cd group [(17.81 +/- 1.55)%] (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSAs an antimutagen astragalus membranaceus has practical value in occupational protection against Cd-induced genetic damage.

Animals ; Astragalus membranaceus ; Cadmium ; toxicity ; Injections ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spermatozoa ; drug effects ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of fertilizers with the different proportional of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth and active ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus.

METHODField experiment was conducted based on the D-saturation optimal design with three factors of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The effects on growth and active ingredient of A. membranaceus were analyzed.

RESULTFertilization promoted the seedling growth and provided abundant supply of nutrition for growth of root, yield and accumulation of active ingredient at the later growth stage, and increased the accumulation of dry matter of stem-leaf and root system. The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application on the total dry matter accumulation of A. membranaceus was as following: nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus; the effect on the stem-leaf dry matter accumulation was as following: nitrogen > phosphorus > potassium; the effect on the root dry matter accumulation was as following: nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer increased the root yield of A. membranaceus. Obviously, the effect on the root yield was as following: nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus. The application of different proportional with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased the content of polysaccharide and astragaloside, but had no distinct effect on the content of total flavonoids. The effect on the content of polysaccharide was as following: potassium > phosphorus > nitrogen, but the effect on the conten,t of astragaloside was as following: nitrogen > potassium > phosphorus.

CONCLUSIONNitrogen and potassium fertilizer application had more important effect on growth, yield and the contents of polysaccharide and astragaloside in A. membranaceus. During medicinal plants cultivation process, it should pay attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer and make balance application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

Astragalus membranaceus ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; pharmacology ; Phosphorus ; pharmacology ; Potassium ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) in inducing the mRNA expression of Agamma- and Ggamma-globin in K562 cells.

METHODSK562 cells were treated with APS at the concentration of 150, 300, and 450 mg/L, with Na-butyrate (NaB)-treated cells serving as the positive control and untreated cells as the blank control. Benzidine staining was used to examine the changes in hemoglobin synthesis in K562 cells after the treatments, and RT-PCR was employed to investigate the mRAN expression of Agamma- and Ggamma-globin.

RESULTSCompared with the untreated cells, APS treatment (300 mg/L) for 48 h resulted in a significant increase of the percentages of benzidine-positive cells from (4.37-/+0.58)% to (15.67-/+1.80)%, and also in significantly increased expression of Agamma-globin and Ggamma-globin mRNAs by 3.59-/+0.16 and 5.02-/+0.81 folds, respectively (P=0.000).

CONCLUSIONAPS potently enhances the mRNA expression of Agamma- and Ggamma-globin in K562 cells and warrants further evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent for beta-thalassemia.

Astragalus membranaceus ; chemistry ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; Polysaccharides ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; gamma-Globins ; genetics ; metabolism

PURPOSE: Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is an important traditional medicinal herb. Pharmacological research has indicated that AM has various physiological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, anticancer, hypolipidemic, antihyperglycemic, and hepatoprotective activities. The bioactive substances responsible for the physiological activities in AM, including many antioxidant substances, change during the roasting process. This study investigated and compared the changes in the antioxidant constituents of AM caused by roasting. METHODS: DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS⁺ (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging activities and their total phenolic content (TPC) were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to confirm any changes in the isoflavonoids of roasted AM (R-AM),. The cell viability of UVB-induced HDF (Human dermal fibroblast) cells treated with AM and R-AM extracts was investigated. The comet assay was used to examine the inhibitory effects of R-AM extracts on DNA damage caused by oxidative stress. RESULTS: The DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activities were 564.6±20.9 and 108.2±3.1 (IC₅₀ value) respectively, from the 2R-AM. The total phenol content was 47.80±1.40 mg GAE/g from the 1R-AM. The values of calycosin and formononetin, which are the known isoflavonoid constituents of AM, were 778.58±2.72 and 726.80±3.45 µg/g respectively, from the 2R-AM. Treatment of the HDF cells with R-AM (50 ~ 200 µg/mL) did not affect the cell viability. Furthermore, the R-AM extracts effectively protected against UVB-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that R-AM increases its isoflavonoid constituents and protects against UVB-induced DNA damage in HDF cells.
Astragalus membranaceus ; Cell Survival ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Comet Assay ; DNA Damage ; Oxidative Stress ; Phenol ; Plants, Medicinal

Astragalus Membranaceus (AM) is a useful Korean herb that has been clinically prescribed for stress-related illness. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-stress effects of AM on repeated stress-induced alterations of anxiety, learning and memory in rats. Restraint stress was administered for 14 days (2h/day) and AM (400mg/kg) given by oral administration, in the AM group, for the same period. Starting on the eighth day, the rats were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze test (MW) and for anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). Changes of expression on immunohistochemistry were studied for cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the brain. The results showed that the rats treated with AM had significantly reduced stress-induced deficits on learning and memory on the spatial memory tasks. In addition, the ChAT immunoreactivities were increased. In the EPM, treatment with AM increased the time spent in the open arms (p<0.001) compared to the control group. In addition, AM treatment also normalized increases of TH expression in the LC (p<0.001). In conclusion, administration of AM improved spatial learning and memory and reduced stress-induced anxiety. Thus, the present results suggest that AM is able to recover behavioral and neurochemical impairments induced by stress.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Anxiety ; Arm ; Astragalus membranaceus ; Brain ; Immunohistochemistry ; Learning ; Memory ; Rats ; Transferases ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase