OBJECTIVE To standardize the prophylactic use of antibiotics for pregnant women during peripartum and reduce the irrational use of antibiotics. METHODS Initiated by the Chinese Eugenics Science Association， and led by the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Military Medical University， clinical， pharmaceutical and evidence-based medicine experts from some domestic medical institutions jointly developed a tiered program of prophylactic use of antibiotics during the peripartum period aiming at the characteristics of pregnant women during the peripartum period by collecting relevant issues， combining national guiding documents， guidelines， expert consensus and literature. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS A total of 13 consensus opinions were formed on antibiotic regimens for prophylactic use before， during and after delivery for vaginal delivery， cesarean delivery and for pregnant women with related complications or comorbidities（such as obesity， abnormal glucose metabolism， combined autoimmune diseases， etc.）. However， to reduce the overall risk of infection in pregnant women， prophylactic use of antibiotics is just one of the measures. Medical staff must still pay attention to strict disinfection and standard sterilization， and strictly implement balanced nutrition， reasonable control of blood sugar of pregnant women and other comprehensive measures.

OBJECTIVE To standardize the prophylactic use of antibiotics for pregnant women during peripartum and reduce the irrational use of antibiotics. METHODS Initiated by the Chinese Eugenics Science Association， and led by the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Military Medical University， clinical， pharmaceutical and evidence-based medicine experts from some domestic medical institutions jointly developed a tiered program of prophylactic use of antibiotics during the peripartum period aiming at the characteristics of pregnant women during the peripartum period by collecting relevant issues， combining national guiding documents， guidelines， expert consensus and literature. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS A total of 13 consensus opinions were formed on antibiotic regimens for prophylactic use before， during and after delivery for vaginal delivery， cesarean delivery and for pregnant women with related complications or comorbidities（such as obesity， abnormal glucose metabolism， combined autoimmune diseases， etc.）. However， to reduce the overall risk of infection in pregnant women， prophylactic use of antibiotics is just one of the measures. Medical staff must still pay attention to strict disinfection and standard sterilization， and strictly implement balanced nutrition， reasonable control of blood sugar of pregnant women and other comprehensive measures.

To develop a new evidence-based diagnosis,treatment guideline for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China.A multidisciplinary guideline development group was established.The grading of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation (GRADE) system was used to rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations.Recommendations were derived from evidence body,the balance of benefits and harmsand patient's values and preferences.The guideline development group developed 10 recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.The guideline covered the classification criteria,disease activity monitoring and assessing,antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and glucocorticoids with treat-to-target approach of RA.This rheumatoid arthritis guideline was intended to serve as a tool for clinicians and patients for best decisions-making in China.

Consensus ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Migraine Disorders ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; Vertigo ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; Vestibular Diseases ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; metabolism

Multiple drug use is very common in the elderly， which will significantly increase drug interactions and adverse drug reactions. Cardiovascular disease complicated with neuropsychiatric disease is the most common multi-disease comorbidity among the elderly， and it is also one of the disease combinations involving the most multiple drug use. In order to reduce the adverse clinical outcomes of the elderly in China， Chinese Society of Clinical Pharmacy of Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to develop Expert Consensus on Risk Prevention and Control of Multiple Drug Use in Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases and Neuropsychiatric Diseases in China by using foreign drug use risk assessment tools and combining relevant evidence-based results， and further promote its application in clinical disease treatment practice to reduce the adverse clinical outcomes of the elderly in China.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study was undertaken to analyze the epidemiological factors and evaluate the current status of treatment in patients with AF in Mainland China. Methods Retrospective analysis of hospital records were taken from patients with primary diagnosis of AF, discharged from January 1999 to December 2001. A total of 9297 cases (mean age 65.5 years) with AF were enrolled from 40 hospitals in major parts of China. Results The percentage of hospital admissions with AF was gradually increased comparing to those of total cardiovascular admission during three years, with the average of 7.9%. The cases distribution progressively rose with age. The causes and associated conditions of AF: advanced age 58.1%, hypertension 40.3%, coronary heart disease 34.8%, heart failure 33.1%, rheumatic valvular disease 23.9%, idiopathic AF 7.4%, cardiomyopathy 5.4%, diabetes 4.1%. The most common coexistence among these variables was advanced age with hypertension. Permanent AF almost accounted for half of these cases (49.5%), paroxysmal and persistent AF were 33.7% and 16.7%, respectively. Paroxysmal AF was mainly treated with rhythm control (56.4%). However, 82.8% of patients with chronic AF had therapeutic strategy of rate control. In patients with persistent AF, the cardioversion had been attempted in cases more than 50%, with only 31.1% of these patients who could maintain stabilized sinus rhythm. The prevalence of stroke in this group was 17.5%. In nonvalvular AF patients the risk factors that significantly associated with stroke included advanced age, history of hypertension, coronary heart disease and type of AF. Sixty-four point five percent of these patients received antithrombotic therapy with dominated use of antiplatelet agents. The long-term prevention with anticoagulants only accounted for 6.6%. In this investigation patients with antiplatelets as well as patients with anticoagulants showed significant lower stroke rate in comparison with those managed neither. However, the difference between antiplatelets and anticoagulants in terms of stroke rate was not significant. Conclusions Most epidemiological factors of AF from this group showed highly in accordance with those from the reports from other countries, such as age distribution, causes and associated conditions, type of AF, dominantly with approach of rate control. Both antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatments significantly reduced stroke rate. But there was no significant difference between these two kinds of treatments in reducing stroke rate.

‍Liver cirrhosis （LC） is the terminal pathological stage of various chronic liver diseases and is characterized by chronic inflammation， diffuse fibrosis， pseudolobular formation， and portal-systemic collateral circulation， which belongs to the category of jaundice， hypochondriac pain， and abdominal distension in traditional Chinese medicine. At present， there is still a lack of specific clinical treatment methods， and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy can effectively delay the progression of LC. Based on the principle of evidence-based medicine and with reference to the summary of recent clinical practice and the latest guidelines and expert consensus published in China and globally， the guidelines in this article are formed by objectively evaluating the evidence of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of LC and extensively soliciting the opinions of experts in the fields of traditional Chinese medicine， clinical medicine， and clinical epidemiology， so as to provide a reference for integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment of LC in clinical practice.

The incidence of retroperitoneal tumor is low, and treatment is difficult.According to the recent updates of evidence-based medical evidence at home and abroad, the consensus on the standardized treatment of retroperitoneal tumors were discussed including examination and diagnosis , surgical treatment comprehensive treatment, nutrition, rehabilitation, and review and follow-up, etc.
Antineoplastic Agents ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; China ; Consensus ; Delivery of Health Care ; standards ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; pathology

Composite resin bonding technology is the primary treatment method for dental restorations. With the development of polymer chemical materials, the properties, characteristics and applications of adhesive composite resins have changed greatly. Based on the previous edition guidelines and considered the property of composite resin materials, many Chinese dental experts recently discussed and reached a new consensus which mainly focused on the indications, operation specifications and matters needing attention in composite resin restoration technology.
Composite Resins ; Consensus ; Dental Bonding ; Dental Cements ; Dental Restoration, Permanent ; Resin Cements ; Surface Properties

OBJECTIVE: To investigate FDA issued lists and guidance on Bioequivalence Recommendations for Specific Products related with Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs.METHODS: FDA issued lists and Bioequivalence Recommendations for Specific Products related with Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs was investigated in multiple aspects, including detailed drugs lists, bioequivalence study designs, selection of bioequivalence subjects,analytes to measure,bioequivalence waiver, selection of reference products.RESULTS: Keeping updated lists and Bioequivalence Recommendations for Specific Products relative with Narrow Therapeutic Index Issued by FDA are to further facilitate generic drug product availability and to assist generic pharmaceutical industry with identifying the most appropriate methodology for developing drugs and generating evidence needed to support ANDA approval or reassessment.CONCLUSION: Narrow therapeutic index list and Bioequivalence Recommendations for Specific Products issued by FDA would provide instructive and practical assists to the equivalence assessment of quality and curative effect for generic products in China, since CFDA have not released similar list and guidance on specific narrow therapeutic index.