OBJECTIVE：To provide sugge stions for improving the variety of pediatric drugs and ensuring the safety of pediatric drug use in China. METHODS ：The historical evolution of laws and regulations on the marketing approval of pediatric drugs in the United States and the implementation results of relevant policies were summarized. Combined with the current situation of the development of pediatric drugs in China ，some suggestions were put forward to ensure the accessibility and safety of pediatric drug use in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：Since 1994，the United States had issued a series of laws and regulations to encourage the development of pediatric drugs. At present ，the marketing approval of pediatric drugs were mainly based on the two laws of Best Pediatric Drug Act（BPCA）and Pediatric Research Equality Act （PREA）. From 1998 to 2019，the amount of supplements of pediatric drug information in drug instructions of the United States showed a fluctuating growth. As of April 2020，854 kinds of drugs had been modified in pediatric instructions ，792 of which had been carried out post marketing pediatric clinical research ，and the problem of incomplete pediatric instructions had also been greatly improved. At present ，China’s policies on pediatric drugs mainly included encouraging R&D innovation ，giving priority to review and approval ，and strengthening R&D technical guidance. Although certain achievements had been made ，there were still some problems ，such as imperfect policies and regulations ，and great difficulties carrying out pediatric drug clinical trials. It is suggested that our country should draw lessons from the American regulations on pediatric drugs ，pediatric research and the catalogue of pediatric drugs ，and establish a system and catalogue of ped iatric drug use suitable for China ’s national conditions ，so as to improve the effectiveness ，safety and accessibilityof pediatric drugs.

Objective To analyze the current state of domestic and international research on primary cardiac malignant tumor and predict its future development trends using bibliometric methods. Methods Relevant literature on “primary cardiac malignant tumor”, from January 1, 2004 to June 1, 2024 was retrieved from the the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WOS) core collection databases. The number of publications in this field over the past 20 years was counted, and the national publication volume, author situation, keyword clustering and emergence, and co-occurrence of authors, institutions, and keywords in the included literature were analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. Results A total of 312 and 775 papers were included in the CNKI and WOS core collections, respectively. WOS core collection data showed that China’s publication volume ranked second globally, but its international cooperation was relatively low with 0.01 of centrality. In the CNKI database, the authors with high publication volume were represented by Chen Dong, Xu Zhiyun, and Song Shutian, while in the WOS core collection, the authors were represented by Reardon Michael J and Gaudino Mario. Some publications included in the WOS core collection from Chinese researchers, but the Chinese researchers were short of research cooperation and continuous academic output. The keyword map analysis showed that “pathological typing”, “echocardiography”, and “surgical treatment” were the research focus in this field for decades. In recent years, research on chemotherapy and molecular mechanisms increased both domestically and internationally, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and other immunotherapy treatment options have gradually been applied to the disease. Compared with domestic research, foreign research focused more on refined imaging diagnosis, in-depth pathological typing, comprehensive treatment, prognosis management, and multicenter research cooperation. However, many studies were case reports. Conclusions The improvement of surgical plans and the renewal of imaging technology remain the research focus in the field of primary cardiac malignant tumor. Exploring targeted treatments and comprehensive treatments to improve patient prognosis based on molecular pathological mechanisms is the future research trend, and high-quality clinical research based on multicenter and multidisciplinary cooperation is imperative.

In 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out in China. The strictest prevention and control measures had been performed because of its high infectivity and mortality rate. Although the number of confirmed cases has decreased, it has not been eliminated. Neurosurgical doctors and nurses are facing the dual pressure resulting from the prevention and control of neurosurgical disease and novel coronavirus infection. Faced with the severe situation, we should standardize the methods of medical treatment and nursing process, so as to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infection among patients and their families in the hospital, and the occupational exposure of medical workers. We wrote the consensus in conjunction with Neural Intensive Nursing and Rehabilitation Group and Cerebral Protection in Cardiac Intensive Care Group, which is belonging to Neural Regeneration and Repair Committee of Chinese Association of Research Hospitals, and also including Nursing and Rehabilitation Group, which is belonging to Health Management Professional Committee Cell Biology Society of Liaoning Province. We referred to domestic and foreign research results and threw out suggestions for patient's receiving, prevention and control guidance, perioperative nursing, ward disinfection to provide reference for neurosurgical personnel, patients and their families.

Temporary cardiac pacing is an essential technique in the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias. Due to its urgency, complexity, and uncertainty, it is necessary to develop an evidence-based emergency operation norms. Currently, there is no specific consensus guidelines at home or abroad. The Emergency Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to draft the Chinese emergency expert consensus on bedside temporary cardiac pacing (2023) to guide the operation and application of bedside cardiac pacing. The formulation of the consensus adopts the consensus meeting method and the evidentiary basis and recommendation grading of the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine in the United States. A total of 13 recommendations were extracted from the discussion on the methods of bedside temporary cardiac pacing, the puncture site of transvenous temporary cardiac pacing, the selection of leads, the placement and placement of leads, pacemaker parameter settings, indications, complications and postoperative management. The recommended consensus includes the choice between transcutaneous and transvenous pacing, preferred venous access for temporary transvenous pacing, the target and best guidance method for implantation of bedside pacing electrodes, recommended default pacemaker settings, recommended indications for sinoatrial node dysfunction, atrioventricular block, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. They also recommended ultrasound guidance and a shortened temporary pacing support time to reduce complications of temporary transvenous cardiac pacing, recommended bedrest, and anticoagulation after temporary transvenous pacing. Bedside temporary cardiac pacing is generally safe and effective. Accurate assessment, correct selection of the pacing mode, and timely performance of bedside temporary cardiac pacing can further improve the survival rate and prognosis of related emergency patients.
Humans ; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial/methods* ; Pacemaker, Artificial ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/therapy* ; Myocardial Infarction/therapy* ; Electrodes