PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of acculturative stress among Chinese students in Korea. METHODS: Between October and December 2009, two hundred one Chinese students from three universities located in Cungnam province, were included in the current study using a questionnaire survey. Data analysis was done using SPSS/WIN 17.0 program. RESULTS: The average score of acculturative stress was 38.50+/-6.97. There were significant differences in acculturative stress according to educational level, economic status, type of residence, speaking skill in Korean, listening skill in Korean, grade point average, satisfaction for studying abroad, and perceived health status. The acculturative stress was significantly correlated with depression, resilience and social support. The strongest predictor of acculturative stress among Chinese students was depression. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that developing programs to improve psychological health may provide a buffer against acculturative stress experienced by migrating Chinese students. Furthermore, more studies are needed to explore variables that influence on the international students' acculturation in Korea.
Acculturation ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Depression ; Humans ; Korea ; Statistics as Topic

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; ethnology ; Metabolic Syndrome ; ethnology

PURPOSE: To establish a model of Japanese pharmacy students' learning motivation profile and investigate the effects of pharmaceutical practical training programs on their learning motivation. METHODS: The Science Motivation Questionnaire II was administered to pharmacy students in their 4th (before practical training), 5th (before practical training at clinical sites), and 6th (after all practical training) years of study at Josai International University in April, 2016. Factor analysis and multiple-group structural equation modeling were conducted for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 165 students participated. The learning motivation profile was modeled with 4 factors (intrinsic, career, self-determination, and grade motivation), and the most effective learning motivation was grade motivation. In the multiple-group analysis, the fit of the model with the data was acceptable, and the estimated mean value of the factor of ‘self-determination’ in the learning motivation profile increased after the practical training programs (P=0.048, Cohen's d=0.43). CONCLUSION: Practical training programs in a 6-year course were effective for increasing learning motivation, based on ‘self-determination’ among Japanese pharmacy students. The results suggest that practical training programs are meaningful not only for providing clinical experience but also for raising learning motivation.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Education ; Humans ; Learning* ; Motivation* ; Pharmacy* ; Statistics as Topic ; Students, Pharmacy*

BACKGROUND: Currently available questionnaires for evaluating the quality of worklife do not fully examine every factor related to worklife in all cultures. A tool in Thai is therefore needed for the direct evaluation of the quality of worklife. Our aim was to translate the Work-related Quality of Life Scale-2 (WRQLS-2) into Thai, to assess the validity and reliability of the Thai-translated version, and to examine the tool's accuracy vis-a-vis nursing in Thailand. METHODS: This was a descriptive correlation study. Forward and backward translations were performed to develop a Thai version of the WRQLS. Six nursing experts participated in assessing content validity and 374 registered nurses (RNs) participated in its testing. After a 2-week interval, 67 RNs were retested. Structural validity was examined using principal components analysis. The Cronbach's alpha values were calculated. The respective independent sample t test and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to analyze known-group validity and test-retest reliability. Multistate sampling was used to select 374 RNs from the In- and Outpatient Department of Srinagarind Hospital of the Khon Kaen University (Khon Kaen, Thailand). RESULTS: The content validity index of the scale was 0.97. Principal components analysis resulted in a seven-factor model, which explains 59% of the total variance. The overall Cronbach's alpha value was 0.925, whereas the subscales ranged between 0.67 and 0.82. In the assessment results, the known-group validity was established for the difference between civil servants and university employees [F (7.982, 0.005) and t (3.351; p < 0.05)]. Civil servants apparently had a better quality worklife, compared to university employees. Good test-retest reliability was observed (r = 0.892, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Thai version of a WRQLS appears to be well validated and practicable for determining the quality of the work-life among nurses in Thailand.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Outpatients ; Quality of Life* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results ; Statistics as Topic ; Thailand ; Translations

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to establish the reference value range of healthy teeth mobility in Chinese youth.

METHODS200 right side teeth of Han nationality of Chinese youths were measured so as to get the range of the parameters.

RESULTSAll parameters of 14 teeth were achieved. The parameter of TM in mandibular incisor was the highest and in mandibular first molar lowest.

CONCLUSIONIt is very significant to get and quantify the healthy teeth's parameter range. Because they can be served as the healthy contrast when dentists diagnose the mobility. It also reflects the fact that lower the TM parameter is, firmer the tooth will be.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; physiology ; Male ; Molar ; physiology ; Reference Values ; Tooth Mobility ; diagnosis

OBJECTIVETo analyze and assess secular change in stature in rural children and adolescents in China from 1985 to 2010.

METHODSData were obtained from the 6 rounds of the Chinese National Survey on Student's Constitution and Health. The subjects enrolled in the study were children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in rural areas of provincial capitals.

RESULTSAn overall positive secular trend in stature occurred in rural areas of provincial capitals in China from 1985 to 2010. The overall average increase rates were 3.1 and 2.4 cm/decade for boys and girls, respectively. The total body height increases for grown up boys and girls were 3.6 and 2.3 cm and the increase rates were 1.4 and 0.9 cm/decade, respectively. There were differences in body height increase among eastern, central and western regions. The average body height of the children or adolescents in eastern region was highest, followed by central region and western region. The overall increase rates in central region were highest among the three regions. The difference between eastern/central region and western region was obvious.

CONCLUSIONPositive secular trend in stature of children or adolescents has occurred in rural area of China, and rural boys and girls showed a great potential for continuous growth. More attention should be paid to the differences in children's body height between western region and eastern/central region.

Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Height ; physiology ; Child ; Child Development ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo explore, on the basis of principles of bibliometrics, the distribution of the authors of the articles published in Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, and the types of the institutions and the different regions from where the manuscripts were submitted in order to make a clear view of the characteristics and the status of cooperations in pediatric research work; to ascertain, among them, the core authors, core institutes and core regions; and to analyze the significance of corresponding authors, a new regulation adopted by this Journal in recent years, and to explore, furthermore, the funding status of the studies.

METHODBased on the information drawn from Chinese Medical Current Content (CMCC), bibliometric method was used to analyze the publications in Chinese Journal of Pediatrics and their authorship during the period from 1996 to 2005.

RESULTTotally 3337 academic articles were published during the ten years; of which the number of articles written by more than one authors was 2951, accounting for 88.43 %, with a degree of collaboration as 4.12. The number of articles by a single author was 386 (11.57%). A total of 234 core authors contributed to 1031 research papers published (30.90% of all). As for the regions from where the papers were submitted, the top one was Beijing, which had 968 articles published (29% of all). And for the institutes, the number of the papers from the hospitals affiliated to medical schools was 2095 (62.78% of all), ranked the first. The second was research institutes which had 261 articles published in the Journal (7.82%), and 68 articles were from colleges and universities which ranked the third (2.03%). The top 10 institutes in number of papers had published 1273 articles (38.15% of all). The articles, from research projects funded by certain grants published in this Journal increased almost every year, from 7.44% of 1996 to 25.82% of 2005', which reflected timely and objectively a growing tendency in pediatric research and that funded research projects by certain garnts could be an important support to the publication of academic papers. The corresponding authorship as a signature regulation was introduced by this Journal in 1999, which played a positive role in pushing the leading work of key authors in construction of research groups. There were 2243 articles of pediatric clinical studies, (67.22%) and 1094 of basic research (32.78%).

CONCLUSIONChinese Journal of Pediatrics had a wide distribution of authors and a high cooperative rate. This Journal had a group of core authors who were strong in academy, active in research and productive in papers, and had a strong positive impact on this Journal. But it was also revealed that the research powers in the field of pediatric study were not evenly distributed. The guideline adopted by and for this Journal was clear and correct. The articles published in this Journal not only objectively reflected the distribution of the research powers and the latest achievements in pediatric study over the country, but also had its focus, which played a certain leading role in pediatric research.

Academies and Institutes ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; Humans ; Pediatrics ; Periodicals as Topic ; Publishing ; organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; statistics & numerical data

PURPOSE: The association of interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphisms (-1082G/A, -819C/T, -592A/C) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) poly-morphisms (-174G/C) with tuberculosis (TB) risk has been widely reported. However, the results are controversial. To clarify the role of these polymorphisms in TB, we performed a meta-analysis of all available and relevant published studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on comprehensive searches of the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Elsevier Science Direct and Cochrane Library database, we identified outcome data from all articles estimating the association between IL-10 and IL-6 polymorphisms and TB risk. RESULTS: The results indicated significant association of the allele model, heterozygous model and dominant model of IL-6 -174G/C polymorphism with decreased risk of TB. In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risk was observed for IL-10 -1082G/A polymorphism in Europeans under recessive model, for IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism in Asians under heterozygous model and dominant model and IL-10 -592A/C polymorphism in Asians under Allele model, homozygous model and recessive model. Moreover, significantly decreased risk of TB was associated with Asians for IL-6 -174C/G polymorphism in allele model, heterozygous model and dominant model. We also performed the analyses by sample types in IL-10 -1082G/A polymorphism, and observed significantly increased TB risk in mixed group under homozygous model. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the IL-10 -1082G/A polymorphism is associated with increased TB risk in Europeans, while IL-10 -819C/T and IL-10 -592A/C polymorphisms in Asians. However, IL-6 -174G/C polymorphism might be a genetic risk factor that decreases TB susceptibility in Asians.
Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics/statistics & numerical data ; Case-Control Studies ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics/statistics & numerical data ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Interleukin-10/*genetics ; Interleukin-6/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk Factors ; Tuberculosis/*ethnology/*genetics

OBJECTIVETo measure the lingual surfaces of the teeth in normal occlusion and obtain the data for lingual brackets' bonding and modifying for Chinese.

METHODS50 casts of nonorthodontic subjects with ideal occlusion were examined using the YM-2115 3D measurement instrument. The data was calculated by the relevant software and analysed statistically.

RESULTSThe reference values of the lingual surfaces of the teeth in normal occlusion were obtained. These include crown angulation(tip), crown inclination(torque), offset angles of molars and crown facial prominence.

CONCLUSIONSCompared with the data of foreigners, the characteristics of the lingual surface of the teeth in Chinese normal occlusion has many differences. The accurate placement of the lingual orthodontic brackets should be assisted by laboratory techniques because of the highly variable morphology of the lingual surfaces of the teeth.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; statistics & numerical data ; Dental Occlusion ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Orthodontic Appliance Design ; statistics & numerical data ; Reference Values ; Tongue ; anatomy & histology ; Tooth ; anatomy & histology

The purpose of this study was to develop a disability rating scale according to job classification using the Korean Academy of Medical Society (KAMS) guidelines. All jobs were categorized based on their level of physical activity and professional skills. The KAMS guidelines were used for the impairment rating. We modified the California Schedule for rating permanent disabilities. The differences were plotted to compare between the impairment rate and the job-adjusted disability rate. The KAMS job-adjusted disability rates were then compared to the McBride and workers' compensation rates. A total of 1,206 occupations were classified into 44 groups. The occupational disability indexes were rated on a scale of 1 to 7. The differences in the McBride disability rates varied inconsistently from 0% to 35%, while the differences in the KAMS disability rates were between 0% and 18%. The KAMS disability rates were slightly higher than the McBride disability rates for the upper extremities, but were lower for the lower extremities and internal organs. This is the first Korean job-adjusted disability rating method. There are several limitations, but its impairment rating is more scientific and reflects the current Korean occupational environment.
Academies and Institutes ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; *Disability Evaluation ; Humans ; Occupations/statistics & numerical data ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Program Development ; Republic of Korea ; Severity of Illness Index ; Workers' Compensation/statistics & numerical data