We performed a taxonomic study on two species of the genus Bryoria from the Sino-Himalayas, SW-China. B. nadvornikiana is new to China and B. furcellata is new to Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in the Sino-Himalayas. Morphology, habitat, distributions and chemistry of the two species are discussed.
Ascomycota* ; Chemistry ; China ; Ecosystem ; Lichens

Fourteen compounds were isolated and purified from the ethyl acetate of the ethanol extract of Shiaria bambusicola by various chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques and physicochemical properties as hypocrellin A (1), hypocrellin B (2), hypocrellin C (3), hypomycin A (4), ergosterol (5), ergosterol peroxide (6), (22E, 24R)-5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-6,9(11),22-trien-3beta-ol (7), ergosta-7, 24(28)-dien-3beta-ol (8), (22E, 24R)-ergost-7, 22-dien-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol (9), (22E,24R)-ergosta-7, 22-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol-3-O-palmitate (10), (22E, 24R)-ergosta-7, 22-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol-6-O-palmitate (11), 1-O-monostearin (12), 1, 3-O-distearin (13), and mannitol (14). Among them, compounds 7-13 were firstly isolated from this genus.
Acetates ; chemistry ; Ascomycota ; chemistry ; Biological Factors ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Twelve flavonoid glycosides were involved in the biotransformation of the glycosyl moieties by Curvularia lunata 3.4381, and the products were analyzed by UPLC/PDA-Q-TOF-MS(E). Curvularia lunata displayed hydrolyzing activities on the terminal Rha or Glc units of some flavonoid glycosides. Terminal Rha with a 1 → 2 linkage of isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside and typhaneoside could be hydrolyzed by Curvularia lunata, but terminal Rha with a 1 → 6 linkage of rutin, typhaneoside, and quercetin-3-O-apiosyl-(1 → 2)-[rhamnosyl-(1 → 6)]-glucoside could not be hydrolyzed. Curvularia lunata could also hydrolyze the Glc of icariin, floramanoside B, and naringin. This is the first report of the hydrolysis of glycosyl units of flavonoid glycosides by Curvularia lunata. A new way to convert naringin to naringenin was found in this research.
Ascomycota ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; Hydrolysis ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure

Phytochemical investigation of the culture of Epicoccum nigrum,an endolichenic fungus inhabiting Leptogium masiaticum,led to the isolation of 11 compounds. Based on NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS data,their structures were determined as one alkaloid fusaricide( 1),and seven benzofuran derivatives including epicoccone( 2),4,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-7-methyl-1,3-dihydro isobenzofuran( 3),5-methyl-epicoccone B( 4),3,6,7-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methylisobenzo furan-1( 3 H)-one( 5),3-methoxyepicoccone B( 6),2,3,4-trihydroxy-6-( hydroxymethyl)-5-methylbenzyl-alcohol( 7),and isoochracinic acid( 8),together with three epicoccolide analogs epicocconigrones A( 9),epicoccolide B( 10),and epicocconigrones B( 11). Compounds 1,9 and 10 showed potent microorganism inhibitory effects. These results indicated the potential perspective of this endophytic fungus as an eco-friendly biocide.
Ascomycota/chemistry* ; Endophytes/chemistry* ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Secondary Metabolism

In order to find new source of antifungal agents, eleven cultivable endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots,stems and leaves of Chelidonium majus by traditional method. Seven of them were identified as Colletotrichum(L1, L2, L3, S1, S3, S4, S5), and three of them were identified as Fusarium(R1,R2,R3) by morphological features and molecular biological technology. The antifungal activity test showed that all the tested fungi displayed some inhibitory activity against five common plant pathogens(C. gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Pyricularia oryza, Alternaria alternate and A. brassicae), and their inhibition rate of some test items were over 60%. Among them, R1, S2, S3 and S4 were more potent than others. This study enriches the understanding of endophytes from Ch. majus and provides a basis for the study of new microbial fungicides.
Alternaria ; pathogenicity ; Antibiosis ; Ascomycota ; pathogenicity ; Chelidonium ; microbiology ; Colletotrichum ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Endophytes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Fusarium ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the chemical constituents of an endophytic fungus, F-31, from Annona muricata and search antitumor natural products.

METHODAfter scaling up, the fermentation broth and mycelia were extracted by macroporous resin and chromatographied by silica gel column, Sephadex LH-20 gel column and semi-preparative HPLC. The structures of compounds were determined by the means of extensive spectroscopic data The activity of the compounds were evaluated through MTT assay.

RESULTSix compounds were isolated from the fermentation broth and mycelia of this fungus, their structures were identified as 5-(3-hydroxybutyl)furan-2(5H)-one(1), chloranthalactone E(2), 5, 7-dimethyl-6-hydroxycoumarin(3), 1, 2, 4-triazole-(1'R, 2'R, 3'R, 4'R)-nucleosides(4), L-tryptophan(5), L-phenylalanine(6). The in vitro pharmalogical evaluation results displayed that the above compounds exhibited no inhibitory effects on the proliferation of six tumor cell lines (HCT-8, Bel-7402, BGC-823, A549, A2780 and MCF-7).

CONCLUSIONAmong these obtained compounds, compound 1 was a new compound.

Annona ; microbiology ; physiology ; Ascomycota ; chemistry ; physiology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Fermentation ; Humans ; Symbiosis

Using the White as basic medium, the effects of the exogenous IBA and endophytic fungal elicitor on the growth of in vitro roots cultures of Dysosma versipellis and production of podophyllotoxin were investigated in this study. The results showed that the IBA and the endophytic fungus Zasmidium syzygii elicitor could increase the content of podophyllotoxin of in vitro roots of D. versipellis after 3 weeks. The White medium added with 3 mg·L~(-1) IBA induced the highest increase of podophyllotoxin(1 830.86 μg·g~(-1)), which was 2.07 folds greater than the control, and followed by 1.5 mg·L~(-1) IBA, fungal elicitor, 1 mg·L~(-1) IBA, 0.5 mg·L~(-1) IBA and 4.5 mg·L~(-1) IBA, which was 1.82, 1.71, 1.63, 1.43 and 1.1 folds greater than the control, respectively. The results also showed that the growth of roots was certain positively correlated with the change of IBA concentration. Therefore, 3 mg·L~(-1) IBA was the most suitable for the production of podophyllotoxin in the in vitro roots of D. versipellis, and the stimulating effect of Z. syzygii fungal elicitor was between 1.5 mg·L~(-1) and 1 mg·L~(-1) IBA, which was a potential natural elicitor to induce the accumulation of podophyllotoxin in future production.
Ascomycota ; Berberidaceae ; chemistry ; Endophytes ; Plant Roots ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Podophyllotoxin ; biosynthesis ; Tissue Culture Techniques

In this study, the authors cloned a glycosyltransferase gene PpUGT2 from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis with the ORF length of 1 773 bp and encoding 590 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree revealed that PpUGT2 belonged to the UGT80A subfamily and was named as UGT80A49 by the UDP-glycosyltransferase(UGT) Nomenclature Committee. The expression vector pET28a-PpUGT2 was constructed, and enzyme catalytic reaction in vitro was conducted via inducing protein expression and extraction. With UDP-glucose as sugar donor and diosgenin and pennogenin as substrates, the protein was found with the ability to catalyze the C-3 hydroxyl β-glycosylation of diosgenin and pennogenin. To further explore its catalytic characteristic, 15 substrates including steroids and triterpenes were selected and PpUGT2 showed its activity towards the C-17 position of sterol testosterone with UDP-glucose as sugar donor. Homology modelling and molecule docking of PpUGT2 with substrates predicted the key residues interacting with ligands. The re-levant residues of PpUGT2-ligand binding model were scanned to calculate the corresponding mutants, and the optimized mutants were obtained according to the changes in binding affinity of the ligand with protein and the surrounding residues within 5.0 Å of ligands, which had reference value for design of the mutants. This study laid a foundation for further exploring the biosynthetic pathway of polyphyllin as well as the structure of sterol glycosyltransferases.
Ligands ; Glycosyltransferases/genetics* ; Sterols ; Phylogeny ; Ascomycota ; Liliaceae/chemistry* ; Melanthiaceae ; Diosgenin ; Sugars ; Glucose ; Uridine Diphosphate

Four new diphenyl ethers, named epicoccethers K-N (1-4), were purified from the fermentation medium of a fungus Epicoccum sorghinum derived from Myoporum bontioides, and identified through HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectral analysis. Except that compound 1 showed moderate antifungal activity against Penicillium italicum and Fusarium graminearum, the other three compounds showed stronger activity against them than triadimefon. All of them showed moderate or weak antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with O6 and O78 serotypes except that 3 was inactive to E. coli O6.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Antifungal Agents/chemistry* ; Ascomycota ; Escherichia coli ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Structure ; Phenyl Ethers/chemistry*

A new chromene (1) and six known compounds identified as 6-hydroxymellein (2), 6-hydroxy-5-methylmellein (3) nectriapyrone (4), chermesinone A(5), chermesinone B(6), and pomopxanthone A(7), were isolated in our investigation of the cytotoxic constituents from the fermented rice substrate of endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. HCCB03519. The structures of these com pounds were elucidated through spectroscopic data analysis. All compounds exhibited inhibitory activities against cancer cell lines. Compound 7 showed stronger inhibition against cancer cells than the positive control 5-Fu.
Antineoplastic Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Ascomycota ; chemistry ; Benzopyrans ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Fluorouracil ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Isocoumarins ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Molecular Structure