No abstract availalbe.
Artemisia annua* ; Artemisia*

Chemical constituents were isolated and purified from the water extract of Artemisia annua by column chromatography of HP-20 macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20, HW-40, and semi-preparative RP-HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral analyses. As a result, Fifteen compounds were isolated and identified as vitexnegheteroin M(1), sibricose A5(2), securoside A(3), citrusin D(4), annphenone(5), E-melilotoside(6), esculetin(7), scopoletin-7-O-β-D-glucoside(8), eleutheroside B_1(9), chrysosplenol D(10), patuletin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(11), quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside(12), rutin(13), apigenin 6,8-di-C-β-D-glucopyranoside(14), isoschaftoside(15), among them, compounds 1-4 were identified from Artemisia for the first time. Additionally, the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the production of PGE_2 in LPS-simulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that compounds 1, 2, 8, and 10-15 could reduce PGE_2 levels, to a certain extent.
Apigenin ; Artemisia annua ; Quercetin ; Rutin

No abstract available.
Artemisia*

Artemisia annua is a wormwood. Because it may induce Cytochrome P450 2C19 enzyme, Artemisia annua may have an influence on antiepileptic drugs which are substrates for the enzyme. This influence may negatively affect seizure control of epilepsy patient. We present a patient whose seizures were induced by Artemisia annua, despite he was taking levetiracetam which is not a substrate for the hepatic enzyme. Therefore there would be another mechanism of seizure induction of Artemisia annua besides hepatic metabolism.
Anticonvulsants ; Artemisia ; Artemisia annua* ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Epilepsy* ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Seizures*

OBJECTIVETo study the distribution frequency and characteristics of nucleotide repeat of 94 923 ESTs for developing microsatellite primers, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for appropriate conservation and application of sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua).

METHODEST-SSR detection was performed using Perl program MISA. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations were formatted for input into the GOSlim program and the output was parsed to count the occurrence of each GO category. Primer 3 software was used to design 18 pairs primers, amplified products were separated on a 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gel using silver staining.

RESULTBy searching with Active Perl, totally 2 110 SSRs were detected, accounting for 8.6%. The frequency of occurrence of dinucleotide and trinucleotide was 28% and 50.4%, respectively. The most common repeat motifs of trinucleotide were ACC/GGT, accounting for 9.8%. Three hundred and twelve SSR-ESTs were annotated using GO terms. The suitable PCR system of 15 pairs primers was established, and revealed microsatellite polymorphism in 36 individuals.

CONCLUSIONThere are a variety of motifs at EST-SSR locus in sweet wormwood, and more effective amplification and polymorphism in 18 pairs detected primers. Therefore, EST resource is an effective and feasible approach to develop SSR markers, and EST-SSRs will a powerful tool for studies of sweet wormwood genetic resources.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate and select excellent germplasm resources of Artemisia annua L., providing basic data for data base and breeding of A. annua.

METHODSeventy-two germplasms of A. annua, which were collected from main production areas, were planted in germplasm resources garden in Jingxi and Nanning under the same conditions. The samples were gathered in the squaring stage. Artemisinin was extracted by supersonic wave and determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.

RESULTThe leaf's yield and the content of artemisinin in the samples of different germplasms were varied significantly. Effect of environment on artemisinin content was more than that of hereditary factors. The content of artemisinin was different when the same material of A. annua grew in different place. The content of artemisinin in next year's plant was decreasing.

CONCLUSIONSSeven germplasms from south of China have been selected, their content of artemisinin was above 0.9% and calculated yield was more than 2250 kg x hm(-2). The content of artemisinin has been affected by hereditary factors and variation of the growth environment.

Artemisinin was isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua for treating malaria. A series of derivatives,like dihydroartemisinin,artesunate,artemether,artether,had the same core chemical structure,and sesquiterpene lactone containing peroxide bridge constitute the basic chemical structure. Besides anti-malaria,artemisinin family drugs were found to ameliorate many different diseases,which have attracted wide attention in recent years. Among different diseases,artemisinin family drugs were found to have T lymphocytes immunomodulation effects,including activation,proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis and subsets function. Because T cell immunologic response is the key point of many diseases,and impact the pathogenic process,therapeutic effect and prognosis,the drug studies with it as the target have become hotspots in recent years. Studies of artemisinin family drug on T cell immunomodulation were still at the initial stage and involved in different disease; furthermore,T cell immune process involves complicated molecular mechanism,it is imperative to summarize the advance of current studies for further systematic explanation and exploration of their characteristics and mechanisms. This article will summarize the research progress of artemisinin family drugs for malaria,autoimmune disease,hypersensitivity reaction,tumor,schistosomiasis and AIDS relating to T cell immune modulation,so as to provide basic and professional reference for related research and application.
Antimalarials ; Artemisia annua ; Artemisinins/pharmacology* ; Immunomodulation ; T-Lymphocytes

Artemisinin is a kind of sesquiterpene lactone containing endoperoxide bridge,which is the most effective anti-malarial drug at present. However,low content of artemisinin in Artemisia annua,ranging from 0. 1%-1. 0% of dry weight,as well as the complicated extraction process have resulted in low yield and high cost of artemisinin,making it difficult to meet market demand.Based on the development of high-throughput sequencing and molecular biology,the related enzyme genes and transcription factors involved in the artemisinin metabolic pathway were cloned and identified. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology methods to modify the original metabolic pathway of A. annua and genetic engineering in heterologous host cells have become one of the hotspots in this field. Therefore,the molecular mechanism of artemisin biosynthesis,different strategies of genetic modifications of A. annua,and the research status and application prospect of artemisinin synthesis in heterologous host cells( Nicotiana benthamiana,Physcomitrella patens) were summarized in our review,hoping to provide molecular basis and theoretical basis for breeding new varieties of A. annua with high artemisinin output.
Antimalarials ; Artemisia annua ; Artemisinins ; Metabolic Engineering ; Transcription Factors

We investigated whether the consumption of Korean rice cakes enriched with dietary fiber with or without polyphenol rich plants might decrease the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Rice cakes were manufactured using fructooligosaccharides, resistant starch, and psyllium as sources of dietary fibers with and without polyphenol rich Artemisia annua and Gynura procumbens Merr. (RC+FP and RC+F, respectively), and prepared in three forms (songpyeon, seolgidduk, and chaldduk). Ninety subjects with at least one MetS risk factor were recruited for 6 weeks of dietary intervention. Sixty subjects were finally included for the analysis. Compared to the initial values, RC+FP group had decreased levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), HOMA-IR and blood pressure after 6 weeks, whereas RC+F group didn't have significant changes in them. Regarding the improvement of individual MetS risk factors, RC+FP group showed significant reduction in FBG and blood pressures but RC+F group only had reduction in systolic blood pressure. After the intervention, a reduction in the number of MetS risk factors was greatert in the RC+FP group than in the RC+F group. In conclusion, Dietary fiber enriched rice cakes with or without polyphenols decreased the number and/or the levels of MetS risk factors. Polyphenol rich plant components may provide additional health benefits in controlling FBG and blood pressure.
Artemisia annua* ; Artemisia* ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Dietary Fiber* ; Fasting ; Insurance Benefits ; Plant Structures ; Polyphenols ; Psyllium ; Risk Factors* ; Starch

The interspecific association of companion species in Artemisia annua community in 48 region of southwest China was analyzed by variance analysis, chi2-test and association indices. The total related variance ratio among species in A. annua community was 2.05. Among 45 species pairs of 10 main species in the community, only 4 pairs showed significant negative correlations. Chi2 test, PC, OI, DI and AC values indicated pairs 1-8 (A. annua- A. lactiflora), 1-9 (A. annua- Setaria viridis) and 1-10 (A. annua- Bidens pilosa) showed a high correlations, and common utilization to non-restrictive resources. The results indicated that there was a significant positive correlation among species,and the community was at a stable stage, showed strong ability to human interference.
Analysis of Variance ; Artemisia annua ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Symbiosis