Realgar is a mineral traditional medicine with definite efficacy. The function of realgar is detoxicating, insecticiding, eliminating dampness and phlegm, etc. It is widely applied in clinical practice by compatibility medicines. However, the safety and scientificalness of clinical application are questioned because of the toxic effect caused by arsenic compounds. At present, there are still many problems in the research of realgar, which are mainly manifested in three areas: the expression of main components and effective substances are inconsistent; the anti-tumor mechanism is difficult to explain at the molecular level; the mechanism of compatibility is not clear. As a result, realgar and realgar-containing Chinese patent medicines are frequently prohibited from entering the international market, and the reputation of traditional Chinese medicine is also damaged. This paper would analyze the research status of realgar at home and abroad as well as its problems from its main components, effective substances, anti-tumor mechanism and compatibility mechanism. In view of these difficulties, quantum chemical calculation method is proposed to solve them, so as to make up for the shortcomings and limitations of experimental technology and experimental conditions, reduce the cost of realgar research and improve research efficiency. Moreover, it provides inspiration for research of other mineral medicine.
Arsenicals ; pharmacology ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Minerals ; Sulfides ; pharmacology

This study aims to establish a method for the determination of As B,As C,DMA,As( Ⅲ),MMA and As( Ⅴ) by using HPLC-ICP-MS. A Dioncx Ion PacTMAS7( 4 mm×250 mm) column was used for the HPLC-ICP-MS method. The mobile phase was 100 mmol·L-1 ammonium carbonate-1. 5 mmol·L-1 ammonium dibasic phosphate( gradient elution) at a flow rate of 1 m L·min-1. The injection volume was 10 μL. The linear relationships of As B,As C,DMA,As( Ⅲ),MMA,As( Ⅴ) were good with the concentration of10-500 μg·L-1. The average recovery rates( n = 6) were 105. 7%,100. 5%,102. 9%,105. 7%,100. 2%,92. 69%. The RSD were0. 50%,2. 4%,0. 93%,1. 3%,0. 89%,1. 5%. The precision and repeatability of this method were good. In this study,six forms of arsenic were separated effectively by this method. With methodological validation and sample determination,this method can be used to determine the morphological valence of arsenic in content determination.
Arsenic/analysis* ; Arsenicals/analysis* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Mass Spectrometry

Arsenic is a common metal-like element. Drinking arsenic-containing water and occupational exposure to arsenic are the main ways exposure to arsenic for population. Long-term exposure to arsenic can cause various organs dysfunction and cancer. After entering the body, inorganic arsenic is mainly methylated into monomethyl arsenic and dimethyl arsenic in the liver. Only a small part of inorganic arsenic is metabolized in the kidneys and lungs, and finally the metabolites of arsenic are excreted in the urine. understanding the biological characteristics of arsenic absorption, metabolism, and distribution in the body and formulating biological indicators related to occupational exposure to arsenic and can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of arsenic-related diseases. This article will review the biological monitoring indicators of occupational exposure to arsenic and the metabolic process of arsenic in the body.
Arsenicals ; Arsenic ; Occupational Exposure ; Drinking Water ; Liver/metabolism*

Arsenic ; urine ; Arsenicals ; analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; methods ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; methods

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Arsenicals ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Oxides ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the proliferation effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma-2 (ACC-2) cells in vitro and to study the role of Survivin on the apoptosis of ACC-2 induced by As2O3.

METHODSACC-2 cells were treated with different concentration of As2O3 for different time. The inhibitory effects on cell's viability were assayed with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) test. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The expression of Survivin mRNA and protein were investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain raction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis respectively.

RESULTSCell viability after As2O3 treatment was markedly suppressed and exhibited as a dose- and time-dependent pattern. The apoptotic index showed the similar trend. The results of RT-PCR revealed gene expression of Survivin was suppressed significantly. Through Western blot analysis, a negative correlation between concentration and amount of protein product of Survivin was determined.

CONCLUSIONAs2O3 might markedly suppressed ACC-2 cell's viability in vitro. The inhibition of Survivin gene expression may play a critical role on ACC-2 cell apoptosis induced by As2O3.

Antineoplastic Agents ; Apoptosis ; Arsenicals ; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Oxides

Arsenicals ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute ; drug therapy ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Oxides ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo study the effects and its mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on cell growth and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) of human tongue cancer cells (Tca8113 cell line).

METHODSThe growth inhibition rates of Tca8113 by various concentrations of As2O3 were detected by MTF method. Cell apoptosis was detected by FCM labeled with Annexin V-FITC. hTERT gene expression was detected by RT-PCR method. hTERT protein of Tca8113 cells was determined by Western blot assay.

RESULTSThe results showed that As2O3 could inhibit the growth of Tca8113 effectively and apoptotic rate of Tca8113 cells was obviously increased in a dose and time-dependent manner. (83.40 +/- 7.31)% cells treated with 5 micromol/L As2O3 were inhibited on 72 hour point, the early apoptosis rate reached on 26.40% +/- 3.42% at that time. Moreover hTERT mRNA and protein were decreased depended on the dose and time of As2OC3, mRNA expressions of hTERT in test groups were greatly lower than that of control group on 72 hour point.

CONCLUSIONIt was suggested that As2O3 could significantly inhibit the growth of Tca8113 cells by inducing causing cell apoptosis and down-regulating the expression of hTERT mRNA gene and protein which might be one of its action mechanisms.

Apoptosis ; Arsenic ; Arsenicals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Oxides ; RNA, Messenger ; Telomerase ; Tongue Neoplasms

This study was aimed to investigate the change of expression and activity of protein phosphatases type 2A (PP2A) during the apoptosis of NB4 and MR2 cells induced by Arsenic trioxide (ATO). NB4 and MR2 cells were incubated with Okadaic acid (OKA) (0.5 nmol/L), ATO (0.5 - 2.0 micromol/L), and the combination of OKA and ATO at the same doses as in the single-agent treatment respectively. Then the proliferation of NB4 and MR2 cells was determined by MTT assay, the morphologic changes of cells were evaluated by Wright's staining, the apoptosis rates were detected by flow cytometry. At last, the activities of PP2A were evaluated by the serine/threonine phosphatase assay system, and the levels of PP2A subunits were detected by Western blot analysis. The results showed that ATO inhibited proliferation of NB4 and MR2 cells, and the inhibition rates of ATO on the two cells significantly increased after the addition of OKA. OKA could augment the apoptosis of NB4 and MR2 cells induced by ATO. During the apoptosis of NB4 and MR2 cells, the activity of PP2A decreased with increasing concentration of ATO, and OKA augmented the inhibitory effect of ATO on the activity. The level of PP2A structural subunit (PP2A-A) decreased during ATO-induced apoptosis of NB4 and MR2 cells, that expressions of B and C subunits of PP2A were relatively unaltered. It is concluded that the activity of PP2A decreases with increasing concentration of ATO during the apoptosis of NB4 and MR2 cells, and the decrease of the activity of PP2A maybe is related to the repression of expression of PP2A -A subunit; the inhibition of the activity of PP2A can promote the ATO induced apoptosis of NB4 and MRL cells.
Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Arsenicals ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Oxides ; pharmacology ; Protein Phosphatase 2 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of gallium arsenide(GaAs), indium phosphide(InP) and indium arsenide(InAs) all of which are used as the semiconductor eletments in semiconductor industry. METHODS: Cytotoxicity in the alveolar macrophage was evaluated by the measurement of in vitro magnetometry, LDH release assay and histological examination. RESULTS: The relaxation curves by the in vitro magnetometry showed that GaAs has the cytotoxicity for the alveolar macrophage which is more significant in the higher dosages, while this cytotoxicity is not appeared in the groups added with InP or InAs or PBS. In the decay constant for two minutes after magnetization, GaAs-added groups showed a significant decrease with increasing doses, but both InP- and InAs-added groups did not show any significance. The LDH release assay showed a dose-dependent increasing tendency in the GaAs-, InP- and InAs-added groups. In terms of cellular morphological changes, GaAs-added groups revealed such severe cellular damages as prominent destructions in cell membranes and their morphological changes of nucleus, while InP- and InAs-added groups remained intact in intracellular structures, except for cytoplasmic degenerations. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that GaAs is more influential to cytotoxicity of alveolar macrophages than InP and InAs.
Arsenic* ; Arsenicals* ; Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Gallium ; Indium ; Macrophages* ; Macrophages, Alveolar ; Magnetometry ; Relaxation ; Semiconductors