Introduction There are determined that three species of Paeoniaceae Raf in Mongolia. Paeonia anomala L, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, and Paeonia intermedia C.A. Mey. The researchers of our country conducted a detailed chemical study of the medicinal raw materials of Paeonia anomala L and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. As a result of a relative study widely of the chemical composition of medicinal raw materials, it was found that they contain simple phenolic compounds, flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides, and tannins. However, it was found that there are biologically active compounds in the raw materials of Paeonia anomala L. It is essential to establish, explain, and study in detail the action of the leading chemical compounds and secondary compounds contained in the Paeonia anomala L, which are essential in traditional medicine treatment and are part of the prescription. In our study, ellagic acid, gallic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, and 1-O-galloyl-6 O-luteoyl-α-D-glucopyranose were isolated from the roots of the Paeonia anomala L. Among them, brevifolin carboxylic acid and 1-O-galloyl-6-O-luteoyl-α-D-glucopyranose were newly identified for the first time. These compounds have been found to be effective in treating liver disease. On the other hand, the traditional medicinal use of Paeonia anomala L is used as an important medicinal raw material for the treatment of ulcers, urinary tract stones, and dysentery. It is also used as a tonic for women in Chinese medicine. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Paeonia anomala L is used to improve men’s vitality and erectile function.