OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of the fruit of Aristolochia contorta.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by chromatographic techniques and crystalization, the structures were elucidated by spectrum analysis.

RESULTFifteen compounds were isolated from the dry fruit of A. contorta, which were six aristolochic acids: aristolochic acid I, aristolochic acid III a, aristolochic acid IVa, aristolochic acid II, aristolochic acid III and aristolochic acid VIIa. Three aristolactams: aristololactam I, aristololactam II and aristololactam IIIa. Three phenolic acids syringic acid, vanillic acid and p-coumaric acid. Three other type compounds: pentacosane acid, beta-sitosterol and daucossterol.

CONCLUSIONAristolochic acid III, aristolochic acid VIIa, aristololactam IIIa, and penfacosane acid were isolated from A. contorta for the first time, and compounds 4-13 were isolated from the furit of A. contorta for the first time.

Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo analyze LC-MS fingerprints of Aristolochia manshuriensis for quality assessment with two different chemical pattern recognition models.

METHODLC-MS fingerprints of A. manshuriensis were established from 24 batches of samples from different habitats. SIMCA and Clustering analysis were used to compare the parameters of the 29 common peaks.

RESULTTwo methods had good consistency, while they reflected the inherent sample information from different perspectives, respectively.

CONCLUSIONModern equipment analysis technology and multivariable chemical pattern recognition would be an efficient way for quality control and variety identification of A. manshuriensis.

Aristolochia ; chemistry ; classification ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Cluster Analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; Phylogeny ; Quality Control

To provide the basis for the future research on the nephrotoxicity of Chinese herbal medicine through systematic and comprehensive summary of all the Chinese herbal medicines which may lead to nephrotoxicity. Foreign resources included PubMed and Cochrane library， and domestic research resources was China Food and Drug Administration(CDFA) Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center database. The databases were searched from establishment to January 1， 2017. There was no limitation on research type. 28 English studies were found， including 97 Chinese herbs or prescriptions with the risk of nephrotoxicity. The following six Chinese herbal medicines with the risk of nephrotoxicity had a large number of studies： aristolochic acid(5 studies)， Tripterygium wilfordii(4 studies)， Erycibe obtusifolia(2 studies)， Rheum palmatum(2 studies)， Ephedra sinica(2 studies)， and Atractylodes lances(2 studies). The remaining 91 Chinese medicines were reported with risk of nephrotoxicity in only 1 study respectively. CDFA reported 16 Chinese herbal medicines with the risk of nephrotoxicity， including Ganmaoqing Pian(capsule)， Zhenju Jiangya Pian， T. wilfordii preparation， Vc-Yinqiao Pian， Chuanhuning injection， Shuanghuanglian injection， Qingkailing injection， Lianbizhi injection， herbal decoction containing Aristolochiae Radix， Guanxin Suhe Wan， Shugan Liqi Wan， Ershiwuwei Songshi Wan， herbal decoction containing Aristolochia Fangchi， herbal granules containing root of Kaempfer Dutchmanspipe， Ganmaotong(tablets)， and Longdan Xiegan Wan. Currently， in addition to aristolochic acids， the most reported Chinese herbal medicine with the risk of nephrotoxicity is T. wilfordii preparation.
Aristolochia ; toxicity ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; toxicity ; Ephedra sinica ; toxicity ; Humans ; Kidney ; drug effects ; Tripterygium ; toxicity

Aristolochia ; chemistry ; poisoning ; Aristolochic Acids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; poisoning ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; poisoning ; Poisoning ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo develop a HPLC method to determine the contents of aristolochic A in aristolochia debilis and Asarun spp..

METHODMethanol-water-formic acid extracts were separated on an Alltech C18 column with methanol-water-acetic acid (68:32:1) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). UV detection wavelength was 390 nm. Column temperature was 35 degrees C.

RESULTAristolochic acid A was separated well. The relationship of injection amounts and peak areas was linear (r = 0.9999) the range of 0.12-1.89 microg x g(-1) and the recovery rate was 101.8% (n = 5). 11 samples of aristolochia debilis which bought from different areas in China were determined, and the contents of aristolochic acid A varied from 0.9 to 2 mg x g(-1). The difference of the contents in Asarum spp. was obvious. The highest is 0.35, and aristolochic acid A couldn't be detected in one sample.

Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; analysis ; Asarum ; chemistry ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ecosystem ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Aristolochiae Fructus, a Chinese herbal medicine derived from the fruit of Aristolochia contorta Bge., contains nephrotoxic aristolochic acid analogues (AAAs). According to ancient medical texts, various medicinal parts of the fruit of A. contorta were ever used. In order to reveal which part could be safely and effectively used, it is necessary to analyze the chemical profiles of different medicinal parts. Herein we compared the chemical compositions and determined aristolochic acid I (AA-I) and aristolochic acid II (AA-II) in the four parts viz. outer pericarp, inner pericarp, septum, and seed. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography equipped with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) was applied for chemical profiling. Ultra-high performance liquid coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) was employed to quantify AA-I and AA-II in different parts. It was found that the chemical compositions of the four parts varied both qualitatively and quantitatively. A total of 10 AAAs, including 5 aristolochic acids and 5 aristolactams, together with 3 alkaloids, were unambiguously or tentatively identified by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The quantitatively analytical results obtained by UHPLC-QqQ-MS showed that AA-I and AA-II exclusively accumulate in the seeds of A. contorta. These findings provide supporting data for the rational selection of medicinal parts.
Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

OBJECTIVETaking Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis (Guanmutong in Chinese, derived from the stem of Aristolochia manshuriensis) as an example, to study the affection of different preparations on the content of toxic constituents in traditional Chinese medicines.

METHODThe separation was performed on a zorbax SB-C18 column with mobile phase of acetonitrile-3.7 mmol x L(-1) phosphoric acid buffer, detected at 260 nm.

RESULTThe extraction percentage of aristolochic acids I, II and IV a in water extraction (1 h x 2) of Guanmutong were 53.4%, 75.5% and 61.9%, respectively; the remaining quantity of aristolochic acids I, II and IVa in the dregs of the decoction were 22.3%, 15.7% and 30.3%, respectively; Aristolochic acid I was still main substance among these aristolohic acids in the decoction of Guanmutong.

CONCLUSIONThe content of toxic constituents of the traditional Chinese medicines varies evidently with different preparations of Guanmutong. So the preparation methods of traditional Chinese medicines should be suitably selected according to characteristics of the toxic constituents so as to lessen the body damages of human.

Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; analysis ; Drug Residues ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Pharmaceutical Solutions ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Powders ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the possibility of selectively detoxifying aristolochic acids in Aristolochiae manshuriensis (Guanmutong) by the chemical properties of aristolochic acids and traditional Chinese processing experience.

METHODThe technical parameters in processing technique of A. manshuriensis were optimized by orthogonal designed methods with aristolochic acid A.

RESULTThe processing technique was soaked in 0.1 mol x L(-1) baking soda for several times and then processing with vinegar. Temperature was important factor to detoxify aristolochic acids. aristolochic acid A were removed over 90% from A. manshuriensis in laboratory and over 80% in medium-scale production by 10 batches from two origins of botanical drugs with different contents, and decreased to 0.35-0.60 mg x g(-1) in processed products. aristolochic acid A existed mostly salt-forms in the botanical drug.

CONCLUSIONMost toxic components in Guanmutong could be removed by the new processing method.

Acetic Acid ; Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; analysis ; Hot Temperature ; Pharmaceutical Solutions ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sodium Bicarbonate ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo study pharmacodynamic characteristics by oral administration aristolochic acid I (AA-I) in rats.

METHODAfter one-time oral administration of Aristolochiae manshuriensis decoction 10 g x kg(-1) and 125I labeled AA-I (containing AA-I 37.2 microg x mL(-1)), whole blood concentration of 125I-AA-I and the binding rate of serum albumin were detected in 69 normal wistar male rats. Metabolic dynamic parameters were calculated by program 3P87 with a two compartment model. The distribution ratio and ID% of nine viscera or tissue were measured and compared with other until the 40th day.

RESULTAfter oral administration, AA-I was rapidly absorbed into the blood and reached its peak at 30 minutes and lasted till 90 minutes. AA-I concentration in the blood gradually declined afterwards. 24 hours later, only few AA-I could be detected. By the 10th day, 68.5% of AA-I presented as the binding type with serum albumin. Pharmacodynamic parameters were calculated as follows: Tmax 0.74 h, Cmax 0.92 microg x mL(-1), t1/2alpha 0.68 h, t1/2beta 20.46 h, V/F 87.39 mL, CL(s) 5.85 mL x h(-1) (0.10 mL x min(-1)). On the other hand, after oral administration AA-I was rapidly distributed to all the viscera or tissue, whose peak appeared in 5 minutes and the vallecula was from 24 to 48 hours. The distribution ratio of AA-I rose in the kidney after 24 hours, and it showed the highest level in the kidney and in the liver by the 4th day compared with other organs or tissue (P < 0.05). However, the distribution ratio of AA-I in the kidney became the most dominant one after the 30th and the 40th day compared with the others (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAA-I is rapidly absorbed after oral administration in rats. Its distribution has the organ specificity, which is characterized as the possible partial metabolism in the liver and the accumulation in the kidney because of rather slower elimination. The characteristics may be related to the long term nephrotoxicity of AA-I.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Kidney ; metabolism ; Liver ; metabolism ; Male ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tissue Distribution

Aristolochia ; adverse effects ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; adverse effects ; Belgium ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms ; chemically induced ; Nephritis ; chemically induced