OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of the fruit of Aristolochia contorta.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by chromatographic techniques and crystalization, the structures were elucidated by spectrum analysis.

RESULTFifteen compounds were isolated from the dry fruit of A. contorta, which were six aristolochic acids: aristolochic acid I, aristolochic acid III a, aristolochic acid IVa, aristolochic acid II, aristolochic acid III and aristolochic acid VIIa. Three aristolactams: aristololactam I, aristololactam II and aristololactam IIIa. Three phenolic acids syringic acid, vanillic acid and p-coumaric acid. Three other type compounds: pentacosane acid, beta-sitosterol and daucossterol.

CONCLUSIONAristolochic acid III, aristolochic acid VIIa, aristololactam IIIa, and penfacosane acid were isolated from A. contorta for the first time, and compounds 4-13 were isolated from the furit of A. contorta for the first time.

Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo analyze LC-MS fingerprints of Aristolochia manshuriensis for quality assessment with two different chemical pattern recognition models.

METHODLC-MS fingerprints of A. manshuriensis were established from 24 batches of samples from different habitats. SIMCA and Clustering analysis were used to compare the parameters of the 29 common peaks.

RESULTTwo methods had good consistency, while they reflected the inherent sample information from different perspectives, respectively.

CONCLUSIONModern equipment analysis technology and multivariable chemical pattern recognition would be an efficient way for quality control and variety identification of A. manshuriensis.

Aristolochia ; chemistry ; classification ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Cluster Analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; Phylogeny ; Quality Control

To provide the basis for the future research on the nephrotoxicity of Chinese herbal medicine through systematic and comprehensive summary of all the Chinese herbal medicines which may lead to nephrotoxicity. Foreign resources included PubMed and Cochrane library， and domestic research resources was China Food and Drug Administration(CDFA) Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center database. The databases were searched from establishment to January 1， 2017. There was no limitation on research type. 28 English studies were found， including 97 Chinese herbs or prescriptions with the risk of nephrotoxicity. The following six Chinese herbal medicines with the risk of nephrotoxicity had a large number of studies： aristolochic acid(5 studies)， Tripterygium wilfordii(4 studies)， Erycibe obtusifolia(2 studies)， Rheum palmatum(2 studies)， Ephedra sinica(2 studies)， and Atractylodes lances(2 studies). The remaining 91 Chinese medicines were reported with risk of nephrotoxicity in only 1 study respectively. CDFA reported 16 Chinese herbal medicines with the risk of nephrotoxicity， including Ganmaoqing Pian(capsule)， Zhenju Jiangya Pian， T. wilfordii preparation， Vc-Yinqiao Pian， Chuanhuning injection， Shuanghuanglian injection， Qingkailing injection， Lianbizhi injection， herbal decoction containing Aristolochiae Radix， Guanxin Suhe Wan， Shugan Liqi Wan， Ershiwuwei Songshi Wan， herbal decoction containing Aristolochia Fangchi， herbal granules containing root of Kaempfer Dutchmanspipe， Ganmaotong(tablets)， and Longdan Xiegan Wan. Currently， in addition to aristolochic acids， the most reported Chinese herbal medicine with the risk of nephrotoxicity is T. wilfordii preparation.
Aristolochia ; toxicity ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; toxicity ; Ephedra sinica ; toxicity ; Humans ; Kidney ; drug effects ; Tripterygium ; toxicity

Aristolochia ; chemistry ; poisoning ; Aristolochic Acids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; poisoning ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; poisoning ; Poisoning ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo develop a HPLC method to determine the contents of aristolochic A in aristolochia debilis and Asarun spp..

METHODMethanol-water-formic acid extracts were separated on an Alltech C18 column with methanol-water-acetic acid (68:32:1) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). UV detection wavelength was 390 nm. Column temperature was 35 degrees C.

RESULTAristolochic acid A was separated well. The relationship of injection amounts and peak areas was linear (r = 0.9999) the range of 0.12-1.89 microg x g(-1) and the recovery rate was 101.8% (n = 5). 11 samples of aristolochia debilis which bought from different areas in China were determined, and the contents of aristolochic acid A varied from 0.9 to 2 mg x g(-1). The difference of the contents in Asarum spp. was obvious. The highest is 0.35, and aristolochic acid A couldn't be detected in one sample.

Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; analysis ; Asarum ; chemistry ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ecosystem ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Aristolochiae Fructus, a Chinese herbal medicine derived from the fruit of Aristolochia contorta Bge., contains nephrotoxic aristolochic acid analogues (AAAs). According to ancient medical texts, various medicinal parts of the fruit of A. contorta were ever used. In order to reveal which part could be safely and effectively used, it is necessary to analyze the chemical profiles of different medicinal parts. Herein we compared the chemical compositions and determined aristolochic acid I (AA-I) and aristolochic acid II (AA-II) in the four parts viz. outer pericarp, inner pericarp, septum, and seed. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography equipped with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) was applied for chemical profiling. Ultra-high performance liquid coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS) was employed to quantify AA-I and AA-II in different parts. It was found that the chemical compositions of the four parts varied both qualitatively and quantitatively. A total of 10 AAAs, including 5 aristolochic acids and 5 aristolactams, together with 3 alkaloids, were unambiguously or tentatively identified by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The quantitatively analytical results obtained by UHPLC-QqQ-MS showed that AA-I and AA-II exclusively accumulate in the seeds of A. contorta. These findings provide supporting data for the rational selection of medicinal parts.
Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Acute Kidney Injury ; chemically induced ; Aristolochia ; adverse effects ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Phytotherapy

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of long-term use of low dose Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis (CAM) on the deterioration of chronic renal failure rats.

METHODSThe 5/6 nephrectomized Wistar rats were taken as animal model of chronic renal failure, which were divided into 3 groups. Group A was treated with 1 g/kg CAM decoction, the dose equivalent to that defined in the pharmacopoeia. Group B was treated with 3 g/kg CAM decoction and Group C treated with equal volume of tap water. Medication was given once per day by gastrogavage in all the three groups for 8 weeks. The serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, urinary protein content and morphological changes of kidney were observed.

RESULTSAfter 8 weeks treatment, levels of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, urinary protein excretion in Group B were higher than those in Group C significantly, they were 165.0 +/- 15.6 mumol/L vs 109.8 +/- 10.0 mumol/L, 27.8 +/- 3.6 mmol/L vs 18.7 +/- 2.5 mmol/L and 68.2 +/- 10.1 mg/24 hrs vs 44.6 +/- 8.5 mg/24 hrs, respectively, all P < 0.05. The pathological changes of renal mesenchyme and degree of glomerulosclerosis were also heavier in Group B.

CONCLUSIONThe susceptibility of chronic renal failure rats to the nephrotoxicity of CAM increases in long-term use of low dose CAM which could accelerate the deterioration of renal impairment in the model rats.

Animals ; Aristolochia ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Aristolochic Acids ; toxicity ; Creatinine ; blood ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; blood ; physiopathology ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo establish a model of gastric precancerous lesion by using Aristolochic manshuriensis which contains aristolochic acids.

METHODThe SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: control and three different doses of ethanol extractive of A. manshuriensis (EEA) (corresponding to aristolochic acid I 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg x kg(-1)), respectively. EEA was intragastrically given to rats every other day. At the end of the 10th, 15th, 20th week, part of the rats in each group was sacrificed and the stomachs were weighed. The gastric tumor was assessed by the weight and the relative stomach weight to the body weight. The stomachs were fixed in 4% neutral formalin, and the paraffin imbedding tissues were sliced and HE stained. Histomorphology was observed under the light microscope to determine gastric hyperplasia, mucosa precancerosis (atypical hyperplasia) and gastric cancer formation.

RESULTThe rats treated with different doses of EEA for 10 weeks induced mucosa papillary, epithelioma hyperplasia. Histological observation showed mucosa precancerosis lesions characterized as atypical hyperplasia at the dose levels corresponding to aristolochic acid I 5.0 and 10.0 mg x kg(-1) treated for 10 weeks. The incidence rate of gastric precancerosis in those two groups was 100% at the 15th week. Malignant tumors were observed in most of the animals in 10.0 mg x kg(-1) group. The animals in 5.0 mg x kg(-1) group were well tolerant compared to 10.0 mg x kg(-1) group during the course of experiment, so the dose of aristolochic acid I 5.0 mg x kg(-1) and 10-15 weeks treatment were considered to be optimum to establish the model of gastric precancerosis.

CONCLUSIONA rat model of gastric precancerosis can be induced within a short duration by giving an oral administration of the ethanol extract of A. manshuriensis which contains aristolochic acids.

Animals ; Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; administration & dosage ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Male ; Rats ; Stomach Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the possibility of selectively detoxifying aristolochic acids in Aristolochiae manshuriensis (Guanmutong) by the chemical properties of aristolochic acids and traditional Chinese processing experience.

METHODThe technical parameters in processing technique of A. manshuriensis were optimized by orthogonal designed methods with aristolochic acid A.

RESULTThe processing technique was soaked in 0.1 mol x L(-1) baking soda for several times and then processing with vinegar. Temperature was important factor to detoxify aristolochic acids. aristolochic acid A were removed over 90% from A. manshuriensis in laboratory and over 80% in medium-scale production by 10 batches from two origins of botanical drugs with different contents, and decreased to 0.35-0.60 mg x g(-1) in processed products. aristolochic acid A existed mostly salt-forms in the botanical drug.

CONCLUSIONMost toxic components in Guanmutong could be removed by the new processing method.

Acetic Acid ; Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; analysis ; Hot Temperature ; Pharmaceutical Solutions ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sodium Bicarbonate ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Temperature