1.Advances in the correlation between loss of neural homeostasis and diet-induced obesity.
Zhishun HUANG ; Mengying ZHENG ; Qingjun FENG ; Yannü HONG ; Zhonglei LU
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology 2019;35(8):1433-1440
The social problems and medical burdens caused by obesity have become more serious in recent years. Obesity is mainly caused by the imbalance of energy intake and consumption in the body. The central nervous system and related neurons regulate the balance of energy metabolism. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) contains anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and orexigenic neuropeptid Y(NPY)/agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons that regulate the feeding behavior of body. High-fat diet induces phosphorylation of Rb protein in POMC neurons, and inactivation of Rb phosphorylation leads to re-entry of POMC neurons from the resting-state into the cell cycle, which rapidly shifts to apoptosis. High-fat diet also causes the inhibition of neuronal regeneration, induces inflammation and neuronal damage, loss of neuronal homeostasis, leptin resistance, and ultimately leads to obesity. This review discusses the relationship between loss of neuronal homeostasis and dietary obesity, as well as the underlying mechanisms, which might provide the evidence for prevention and treatment of these diseases.
Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus
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Homeostasis
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Humans
;
Leptin
;
Obesity
;
Pro-Opiomelanocortin
2.Interaction of olfaction and feeding behavior and its neural mechanism.
Acta Physiologica Sinica 2022;74(2):276-282
Olfaction and food intake are interrelated and regulated. In the process of feeding, the metabolic signals in the body and the feeding signals produced by food stimulation are first sensed by the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and the nucleus tractus solitarius of brain stem, and then these neurons project to the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. The paraventricular nucleus transmits the signals to other brain regions related to feeding and regulates feeding behavior. In this process, olfactory signals can be transmitted to hypothalamus through olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex to regulate feeding behavior. At the same time, gastrointestinal hormones (ghrelin, insulin, leptin, etc.) and some neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, endocannabinoid, etc.) produced in the process of feeding act on the olfactory system to regulate olfactory function, which in turn affects the feeding itself. This review summaries the research progress of the interaction between olfaction and food intake and its internal mechanism from the aspects of neuronal and hormonal regulation.
Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism*
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Feeding Behavior/physiology*
;
Hypothalamus
;
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
;
Smell
3.Dopaminergic Neurons in the Diencephalon of Striped Field MouseApodemus agrarius coreae.
Young Gil JUNG ; Nam Sub LEE ; Sung Hee MIN ; Moo Gang KIM
Korean Journal of Anatomy 1997;30(6):609-622
The distributions and morphological characteristics of neurons displaying immunoreactivity to the catecholamine synthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase[TH], dopamine-beta-hydroxylase[DBH], and phenyletha-nolamine-N-methyltransferase[PNMT] were examined in the adjacent sections of the diencephalon of the striped field mouse [Apodemus agrarius coreae].Only TH-, and no DBH- or PNMT-immunoreactive neurons were found in the diencephalon. In the preoptic area, TH-immunoreactive neurons were found in the anterior preoptic nucleus of Loo[APN], periventricular preoptic nucleus, medial preoptic nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus. In the hypothalamus, TH-immunoreactive neurons were found in theparaventricular hypothalamic nucleus, periventricular gray, retrochiasmatic area,anterior hypothalamic nucleus of anterior hypothalamic area and retrochiasmatic region of the hypothalamus. In the rostral tuberal region of the hypothalamus, TH-immunoreactive neurons were found in the paraventricular nucleus, periventricular gray and arcuate nucleus. In the midtuberal region of the hypothalamus, TH-immunoreactive neurons were found in the paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, zona incerta and arcuate nucleus. In the caudal tuberal region of the hypothalamus, dorsal hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic complex and arcuate nucleus.
Animals
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Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus
;
Arcuate Nucleus
;
Diencephalon*
;
Dopaminergic Neurons*
;
Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
;
Hypothalamus
;
Immunohistochemistry
;
Mice
;
Neurons
;
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
;
Preoptic Area
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Subthalamus
;
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
;
Tyrosine
4.Time course study of growth hormone releasing peptide-6-induced c-fos expression in neurons of feeding-related nuclei of hypothalamus.
Yan-Juan YU ; Jing DONG ; Zheng-Yao JIANG ; Inge DEPOORTERE
Acta Physiologica Sinica 2016;68(1):19-26
The present study was aimed to explore the effects of intraperitoneal injection of growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), a ghrelin receptor agonist, on food intake and neuronal activity of feeding-related nuclei in the hypothalamus of NMRI mice. Accumulated amount of food intake was measured, and total number of c-fos immunoreactive neurons in arcuate nucleus (ARC), paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) was counted by immunohistochemistry at 1, 3 and 6 h after the GHRP-6 injection. The results showed that GHRP-6 significantly increased the amount of food intake with a peak at 3 h after the GHRP-6 injection. Meanwhile, GHRP-6 could promote c-fos expression in the ARC and PVN independent of food intake, and the total number of c-fos immunoreactive neurons was peaked at 1 h after injection and then decreased gradually. These results suggest that GHRP-6 may increase food intake in time-dependent manner, which is associated with up-regulations of c-fos protein expression in the ARC and PVN.
Animals
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Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus
;
Eating
;
Immunohistochemistry
;
Male
;
Mice
;
Neurons
;
Oligopeptides
;
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
;
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
;
Receptors, Ghrelin
;
Supraoptic Nucleus
5.Interrelation between the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and the bone variation of osteoporosis in rats.
Acta Physiologica Sinica 2013;65(5):525-532
This study investigated the interrelation between the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the bone variation of osteoporosis in rats. Four animal models of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis (OVX), glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP), retinoic acid-induced osteoporosis (RAOP) and senile osteoporosis (SOP) were used to study the influence of osteoporosis on ARC. Ovariectomized rats were further treated with thymopeptide, ciclosporin and exercise respectively to detect the changes of ARC nerve cells number. The results showed that: (1) The OVX, GIOP, RAOP and SOP models were successfully established, showing osteoporosis as well as decrease of the number of ARC nerve cells; (2) Thymopeptide and exercise respectively alleviated the bone loss induced by ovariectomy, accompanied by increase of the number of ARC nerve cells, while ciclosporin further increased the bone loss of ovariectomized rats, accompanied by further decrease of the number of ARC nerve cells. These results suggest that there is a close interrelationship between ARC and osteoporosis in rat. There is a hypothalamus-pituitary-bone (HPB) axis, and HPB axis regulates the mechanism of osteoporosis in rats.
Animals
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Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus
;
physiopathology
;
Bone and Bones
;
physiopathology
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Disease Models, Animal
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Female
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Osteoporosis
;
chemically induced
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pathology
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Ovariectomy
;
Rats
6.Postnatal Development of Brain Natriuretic Peptide-immunoreactive Neuron in the Hypothalamus of the Rat.
Yoon Young CHUNG ; Young Wook JEONG ; Young Lan PARK ; Jong Joong KIM ; Jeong Seok MOON ; Jin FU ; Jae Wook OH
Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology 2004;17(1):1-10
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neuropeptide, isolated from porcine brain that is homologous with atriopeptin. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells located in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus synthesize and secrete neurohormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate distribution of BNP immunoreactivity throughout the rat hypothalamus from the day of birth to 30 days and adult using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining. The first BNP immunoreactive neurons appeared in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus at P10. In adult, BNP immunoreactivity was widely distributed throughout regions of the hypothalamus including dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus and internal layer of median eminence. The intensity of BNP immunoreactivity was weak in almost all hypothalamic nuclei except the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. BNP immunoreactivity was first observed in the lateral hypothalamic area at P15. In retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus, BNP immunoreactivity was first observed at P20 and remarkably distributed in adult. In the present study, distinct localization of BNP immunoreactivity was in the hypothalamic cell bodies and fibers. Although the role of BNP in the brain is yet to be determined, these results indicate that BNP in the neurons of hypothalamus play important role in the regulation of a variety of neurosecretory functions as a neuromodulator during postnatal development of the hypothalamus.
Adult
;
Animals
;
Arcuate Nucleus
;
Brain*
;
Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
;
Humans
;
Hypothalamic Area, Lateral
;
Hypothalamus*
;
Immunohistochemistry
;
Median Eminence
;
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain
;
Neurons*
;
Neuropeptides
;
Neurotransmitter Agents
;
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
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Parturition
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Rats*
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Supraoptic Nucleus
;
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
7.Postnatal Development of Brain Natriuretic Peptide-immunoreactive Neuron in the Hypothalamus of the Rat.
Yoon Young CHUNG ; Young Wook JEONG ; Young Lan PARK ; Jong Joong KIM ; Jeong Seok MOON ; Jin FU ; Jae Wook OH
Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology 2004;17(1):1-10
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neuropeptide, isolated from porcine brain that is homologous with atriopeptin. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells located in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus synthesize and secrete neurohormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate distribution of BNP immunoreactivity throughout the rat hypothalamus from the day of birth to 30 days and adult using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining. The first BNP immunoreactive neurons appeared in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus at P10. In adult, BNP immunoreactivity was widely distributed throughout regions of the hypothalamus including dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus and internal layer of median eminence. The intensity of BNP immunoreactivity was weak in almost all hypothalamic nuclei except the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. BNP immunoreactivity was first observed in the lateral hypothalamic area at P15. In retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus, BNP immunoreactivity was first observed at P20 and remarkably distributed in adult. In the present study, distinct localization of BNP immunoreactivity was in the hypothalamic cell bodies and fibers. Although the role of BNP in the brain is yet to be determined, these results indicate that BNP in the neurons of hypothalamus play important role in the regulation of a variety of neurosecretory functions as a neuromodulator during postnatal development of the hypothalamus.
Adult
;
Animals
;
Arcuate Nucleus
;
Brain*
;
Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
;
Humans
;
Hypothalamic Area, Lateral
;
Hypothalamus*
;
Immunohistochemistry
;
Median Eminence
;
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain
;
Neurons*
;
Neuropeptides
;
Neurotransmitter Agents
;
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
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Parturition
;
Rats*
;
Supraoptic Nucleus
;
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
8.5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan Suppressed Food Intake in Rats Despite an Increase in the Arcuate NPY Expression.
Young Wha MOON ; Si Ho CHOI ; Sang Bae YOO ; Jong Ho LEE ; Jeong Won JAHNG
Experimental Neurobiology 2010;19(3):132-139
This study was conducted to define the underlying mechanism of hypophagia induced by increased central serotonergic action. Rats received 3 daily injections of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP), a serotonin precursor, at a dose of 100 mg/kg/10 ml saline at 1 h before lights off. A significant suppression in food intake was observed shortly after the 5-HTP injection and persisted during 3 daily 5-HTP injections. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the arcuate nucleus increased after 3 days of 5-HTP treatment, as high as in the pair-fed group. Immunoreactivity of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (pERK1/2) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was increased markedly by 3 days of 5-HTP treatment, but not by 3 days of pair-fed. mRNA expression levels of serotonin reuptake transporter (5-HTT) was increased in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the 5-HTP treated rats, but not in the pair-fed group. Results suggest that increased pERK1/2 in the PVN of 5-HTP injected rats may be a part of serotonergic anorectic signaling, perhaps blunting the orectic action of NPY; i.e., 5-HTP injected rats showed hypophagia despite of increased NPY expression in the arcuate nucleus.
5-Hydroxytryptophan
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Animals
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Arcuate Nucleus
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Eating
;
Hypothalamus
;
Light
;
Neuropeptide Y
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Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
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Protein Kinases
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Raphe Nuclei
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Rats
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RNA, Messenger
;
Serotonin
9.Expression and Distribution of BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) in the Rat Hypothalamus.
Korean Journal of Anatomy 2009;42(2):131-138
BDNF belongs to the neurotrophin family and important molecular mediator of functional and structural plasticity. The highest levels of BDNF are found in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of the adult rat. Hypothalamus is important because of its high degree of plasticity, but little is known about distribution of BDNF in hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, it is necessary to study distribution and expression pattern of BDNF in each hypothalamic nuclei to understand changes of BDNF through various neural damages including spinal cord injury. Through this experiment, we found specific BDNF expression pattern in some regions of hypothalamus and the results are as follows. 1) BDNF expressions were found in median eminence, arcuate nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and periventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus. 2) BDNF immunoreactive cells and nerve fibers were of various shapes and sizes. 3) Glial cells also express BDNF in certain hypothalamic nuclei. These results seem to be useful for future investigations of neurochemical changes in the hypothalamus induced by various neural trauma or degenerative changes
Adult
;
Animals
;
Arcuate Nucleus
;
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
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Hippocampus
;
Humans
;
Hypothalamus
;
Median Eminence
;
Nerve Fibers
;
Neuroglia
;
Plastics
;
Rats
;
Spinal Cord Injuries
;
Supraoptic Nucleus
10.Kisspeptin Regulation of Neuronal Activity throughout the Central Nervous System.
Xinhuai LIU ; Allan E HERBISON
Endocrinology and Metabolism 2016;31(2):193-205
Kisspeptin signaling at the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron is now relatively well characterized and established as being critical for the neural control of fertility. However, kisspeptin fibers and the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) are detected throughout the brain suggesting that kisspeptin is involved in regulating the activity of multiple neuronal circuits. We provide here a review of kisspeptin actions on neuronal populations throughout the brain including the magnocellular oxytocin and vasopressin neurons, and cells within the arcuate nucleus, hippocampus, and amygdala. The actions of kisspeptin in these brain regions are compared to its effects upon GnRH neurons. Two major themes arise from this analysis. First, it is apparent that kisspeptin signaling through KISS1R at the GnRH neuron is a unique, extremely potent form or neurotransmission whereas kisspeptin actions through KISS1R in other brain regions exhibit neuromodulatory actions typical of other neuropeptides. Second, it is becoming increasingly likely that kisspeptin acts as a neuromodulator not only through KISS1R but also through other RFamide receptors such as the neuropeptide FF receptors (NPFFRs). We suggest likely locations of kisspeptin signaling through NPFFRs but note that only limited tools are presently available for examining kisspeptin cross-signaling within the RFamide family of neuropeptides.
Amygdala
;
Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus
;
Brain
;
Central Nervous System*
;
Dopamine
;
Fertility
;
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
;
Hippocampus
;
Humans
;
Neurons*
;
Neuropeptides
;
Neurotransmitter Agents
;
Oxytocin
;
Synaptic Transmission
;
Vasopressins