The study aim was to examine Korean TV documentaries featuring nurses and to understand how the image of nurses has changed over time. Methods: Forty-one Korean documentaries featuring nurses were selected. The qualitative content analysis method of Elo and Kyngäs (2008) was used to identify the images of nurses. Results:Three themes emerged: “emphasis on the image of being a doctor’s assistant and caring person,” “image of kindness prevailing among the diverse roles of nurses,” and “reports on the poor labor conditions behind the positive images of nurses.” The image of nurses has gradually changed from performing a passive and auxiliary role to functioning as health care professionals. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, documentaries suggested that the poor labor conditions of nurses should be improved. Conclusion: Active publicity of nurses and nursing communities is needed using documentaries as a resource to inform the public of the various roles of nurses and promote the image of nurses as professionals.

Chromosome 2q37 deletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder characterized by mild to moderate developmental delay, brachydactyly of the third to fifth digits or toes, short stature, obesity, hypotonia, a characteristic facial appearance, and autism spectrum disorder. Here, we report on a patient with 2q37 deletion presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP). Congenital heart malformations have been noted in up to 20% of patients with 2q37 deletions. However, DCMP has not been reported in 2q37 deletion patients previously. The patient exhibited the characteristic facial appearance (a flat nasal bridge, deep-set eyes, arched eyebrows, and a thin upper lip), developmental delay, mild mental retardation, peripheral nerve palsy, and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO)-like phenotypes (short stature and brachydactyly). Conventional chromosomal analysis results were normal; however, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization revealed terminal deletion at 2q37.1q37.3. In addition, the patient was confirmed to have partial growth hormone (GH) deficiency and had shown a significant increase in growth rate after substitutive GH therapy. Chromosome 2q37 deletion syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with AHO features, especially in the presence of facial dysmorphism. When patients are suspected of having a 2q37 deletion, high-resolution cytogenetic analysis is recommended.
Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Brachydactyly ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; Chromosome Disorders ; Comparative Genomic Hybridization ; Cytogenetic Analysis* ; Cytogenetics* ; Deoxycytidine Monophosphate ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Eyebrows ; Growth Hormone ; Heart ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Obesity ; Paralysis ; Peripheral Nerves ; Phenotype ; Toes

PURPOSE: Safety of humans is an important factor that affects health overall, and injuries are one of the major public-health problems in the world. The purposes of this study were to describe the International safe Community movement which contributes to the injury prevention and safety promotion all over the world, and to identify out the application and developmental strategies for Korea. METHODS: A review was done of previous research, reviews, and reports on the history, concepts, basic principles, and recommendations for actions of the Safe Community. RESULTS: For this study, the application strategies of the International Safe Community movement in Korea were examined to deduce the strengths of the safe Community program. Community-based injury prevention work according to the International Safe Community model is a successful and cost-effective way of reducing injuries in the community. CONCLUSION: Through the International Safe Community program, communities are able to realize a healthy community and achieve improved quality of lives for the people, which is the ultimate objective of the Safe Community model. In addition, it will contribute to the economic vitalization and gain through energy and enhancement of productivity of people.
Accident Prevention/*economics ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Models, Theoretical ; *Program Development ; *Program Evaluation ; Quality of Life ; Republic of Korea ; Residence Characteristics

BACKGROUND: A systematic literature review of interspinous dynamic stabilization, including DIAM, Wallis, Coflex, and X-STOP, was conducted to assess its safety and efficacy. METHODS: The search was done in Korean and English, by using eight domestic databases which included KoreaMed and international databases, such as Ovid Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. A total of 306 articles were identified, but the animal studies, preclinical studies, and studies that reported the same results were excluded. As a result, a total of 286 articles were excluded and the remaining 20 were included in the final assessment. Two assessors independently extracted data from these articles using predetermined selection criteria. Qualities of the articles included were assessed using Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). RESULTS: The complication rate of interspinous dynamic stabilization has been reported to be 0% to 32.3% in 3- to 41-month follow-up studies. The complication rate of combined interspinous dynamic stabilization and decompression treatment (32.3%) was greater than that of decompression alone (6.5%), but no complication that significantly affected treatment results was found. Interspinous dynamic stabilization produced slightly better clinical outcomes than conservative treatments for spinal stenosis. Good outcomes were also obtained in single-group studies. No significant difference in treatment outcomes was found, and the studies compared interspinous dynamic stabilization with decompression or fusion alone. CONCLUSIONS: No particular problem was found regarding the safety of the technique. Its clinical outcomes were similar to those of conventional techniques, and no additional clinical advantage could be attributed to interspinous dynamic stabilization. However, few studies have been conducted on the long-term efficacy of interspinous dynamic stabilization. Thus, the authors suggest further clinical studies be conducted to validate the theoretical advantages and clinical efficacy of this technique.
Decompression, Surgical ; Humans ; Postoperative Complications ; *Spinal Fusion/adverse effects/methods ; Spinal Stenosis/physiopathology/surgery

OBJECTIVES: To assess the absorption of α-tocopherol acetate and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, which are used as active ingredients in toothpaste, into a reconstructed gingival tissue. METHODS: EpiGingival™ tissues were treated with a 25% slurry of toothpaste containing 2% α-tocopherol acetate and 0.3% 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, for 2 minutes. The treatment was repeated up to 6 times, with 1 hour intervals. After completion of all treatments, the active ingredients in the tissue extracts and receiver solutions were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Although α-tocopherol acetate was not detected, α-tocopherol was detected in the tissue extracts, indicating that α-tocopherol acetate was bioconverted to α-tocopherol after absorption. We could detect 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid both in the tissue extracts and in the receiver solutions, with a positive correlation to the number of treatments. CONCLUSIONS: We found that our toothpaste effectively delivered α-tocopherol acetate and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid to a reconstructed gingival tissue in vitro.
Absorption* ; Chromatography, Liquid ; In Vitro Techniques* ; Periodontal Diseases ; Tissue Extracts ; Toothpastes

PURPOSE: In the present study, the etiological trends in male central precocious puberty (CPP) were examined, and annual distribution was evaluated. METHODS: Seventy-one male CPP subjects who started puberty before 9 years of age were included in this study. All individuals were diagnosed as having CPP at Samsung Medical Center between 2001 and 2016. Chronological age at puberty onset, diagnosis of CPP, bone age, weight (kg), height (cm), puberty stage, brain magnetic resonance imaging findings, testosterone level, basal gonadotropin level, and gonadotropin level after gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulation were analyzed. RESULTS: The 71 patients were divided into 2 groups: idiopathic (group I) and organic (group II) when the lesion was identified as associated with the central nervous system (CNS) or when the patient received chemotherapy for non-CNS tumors before CPP diagnosis, respectively. Forty-four cases (62%) were idiopathic, and 27 (38%) were organic. The proportion of idiopathic CPP was higher than that of organic CPP during the study period. In 51.9% of organic cases, puberty started before 8 years of age, whereas it started after that age in 93.2% of the idiopathic cases. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, among all male CPP cases, 62% were idiopathic. The probability of idiopathic CPP prevalence was higher in males when the puberty onset was after 8 years of age with no history of cranial radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
Adolescent ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Gonadotropins ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male* ; Prevalence ; Puberty ; Puberty, Precocious* ; Radiotherapy ; Testosterone

Deletion on the short arm of chromosome 18 is a rare disorder characterized by intellectual disability, growth retardation, and craniofacial malformations (such as prominent ears, microcephaly, ptosis, and a round face). The phenotypic spectrum is wide, encompassing a range of abnormalities from minor congenital malformations to holoprosencephaly. We present a case of a 2-year-old girl with ptosis, a round face, broad neck with low posterior hairline, short stature, and panhypopituitarism. She underwent ventilation tube insertion for recurrent otitis media with effusion. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed an ectopic posterior pituitary gland and a shallow, small sella turcica with poor visualization of the pituitary stalk. Cytogenetic and chromosomal microarray analysis revealed a de novo deletion on the short arm of chromosome 18 (arr 18p11.32p11.21[136,227–15,099,116]x1). She has been treated with recombinant human growth hormone (GH) therapy since the age of 6 months after diagnosis of GH deficiency. Her growth rate has improved without any side effects from the GH treatment. This case expands the phenotypic spectrum of 18p deletion syndrome and emphasizes the positive impact of GH therapy on linear growth in this syndrome characterized by growth deficiency. Further studies are required to define the genotype-phenotype correlation according to size and loci of the deletion in 18p deletion syndrome and to predict prognosis.
Arm ; Brain ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 ; Cytogenetics ; Diagnosis ; Ear ; Female ; Genetic Association Studies ; Growth Hormone ; Holoprosencephaly ; Human Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Microarray Analysis ; Microcephaly ; Neck ; Otitis Media with Effusion ; Pituitary Gland ; Pituitary Gland, Posterior ; Prognosis ; Sella Turcica ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: To find out the effect of transplanted umbilical cord blood derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB- MSCs) in the rat model of bilateral cavernosal nerve injury (BCNX) MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Group I (7 rats, Control, Sham operation) had only bilateral cavernosal nerve crushing injury. PKH-26 fluorescent cell linker was labeled to hUCB- MSCs Group II (7 rats) had transplantation of hUCB- MSCs (3x10(5)cells/50microliter PBS) into MPG after BCNX. Group III (7 rats) had transplantation of hUCB- MSCs (3x10(5)cells/50microliter PBS) into the CC after BCNX. We detected the PKH-26 labeled MSCs in Group II, and III at four weeks after transplantation. Peak intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and ICP/mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded after pelvic nerve stimulation at 12 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS: PKH-26 labeled hUCB-MSCs were detected in MPG and CC of group II and III at four weeks after transplantation. The peak ICP was significantly higher in the Group II (69.6+/-5.9mmHg) and Group III (59.7+/-7.6mmHg) compared to Group I40.6+/-10.5mmHg) at 12 weeks after transplantation. The rates of ICP/MAP were significantly higher in Group II (32.2+/-6.4%) and Group III (57.8+/-4.9%) compared to Group I (49.5+/-2.9%) at 12 weeks after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: The intracavernosal and major pelvic ganglion transplantation of hUCB- MSCs improve erectile function in a rat model of neurogenic impotence.
Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Fetal Blood ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Nerve Crush ; Organic Chemicals ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Salicylamides ; Transplants ; Umbilical Cord

PURPOSE: To find out the effect of transplanted umbilical cord blood derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB- MSCs) in the rat model of bilateral cavernosal nerve injury (BCNX) MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Group I (7 rats, Control, Sham operation) had only bilateral cavernosal nerve crushing injury. PKH-26 fluorescent cell linker was labeled to hUCB- MSCs Group II (7 rats) had transplantation of hUCB- MSCs (3x10(5)cells/50microliter PBS) into MPG after BCNX. Group III (7 rats) had transplantation of hUCB- MSCs (3x10(5)cells/50microliter PBS) into the CC after BCNX. We detected the PKH-26 labeled MSCs in Group II, and III at four weeks after transplantation. Peak intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and ICP/mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded after pelvic nerve stimulation at 12 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS: PKH-26 labeled hUCB-MSCs were detected in MPG and CC of group II and III at four weeks after transplantation. The peak ICP was significantly higher in the Group II (69.6+/-5.9mmHg) and Group III (59.7+/-7.6mmHg) compared to Group I40.6+/-10.5mmHg) at 12 weeks after transplantation. The rates of ICP/MAP were significantly higher in Group II (32.2+/-6.4%) and Group III (57.8+/-4.9%) compared to Group I (49.5+/-2.9%) at 12 weeks after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: The intracavernosal and major pelvic ganglion transplantation of hUCB- MSCs improve erectile function in a rat model of neurogenic impotence.
Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Fetal Blood ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Nerve Crush ; Organic Chemicals ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Salicylamides ; Transplants ; Umbilical Cord

PURPOSE: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a well-known genetic disorder, and microdeletion on chromosome 15 is the most common causal mechanism. Several previous studies have suggested that various environmental factors might be related to the pathogenesis of microdeletion in PWS. In this study, we investigated birth seasonality in Korean PWS. METHODS: A total of 211 PWS patients born from 1980 to 2014 were diagnosed by methylation polymerase chain reaction at Samsung Medical Center. Of the 211 patients, 138 were born from 2000-2013. Among them, the 74 patients of a deletion group and the 22 patients of a maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) group were compared with general populations born from 2000 using the Walter and Elwood method and cosinor analysis. RESULTS: There was no statistical significance in seasonal variation in births of the total 211 patients with PWS (chi2=7.2522, P=0.2982). However, a significant difference was found in the monthly variation between PWS with the deletion group and the at-risk general population (P<0.05). In the cosinor model, the peak month of birth for PWS patients in the deletion group was January, while the nadir occurred in July, with statistical significance (amplitude=0.23, phase=1.2, low point=7.2). The UPD group showed the peak birth month in spring; however, this result was not statistically significant (chi2=3.39, P=0.1836). CONCLUSION: Correlation with birth seasonality was identified in a deletion group of Korean PWS patients. Further studies are required to identify the mechanism related to seasonal effects of environmental factors on microdeletion on chromosome 15.
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15* ; Humans ; Methylation ; Parturition* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prader-Willi Syndrome* ; Seasons* ; Uniparental Disomy