1.Determination of three formulations of pilocarpine in rabbit ocular aqueous by RP-HPLC.
Xiang-jun WANG ; Bin CHEN ; Tong-wei YAO ; Hui-cheng ZHANG ; Su ZENG
Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences 2004;33(1):33-36
OBJECTIVETo develop an RP-HPLC method for assay of pilocarpine in rabbit ocular aqueous humor.
METHODSThe RP-HPLC method was performed on a column of ODS-C(18) with the mobile phase consisting of 0.5% of triethylamine (TEA) of phosphate solutions (10 mmol/L, pH 2.5) and acetonitrile (98/2,v/v). The detection wavelength was 215 nm and flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. Ninety albino rabbits were divided into 3 groups (30 in each):group 1 received 50 microl of eye drops containing 1% generic pilocarpine, group 21% mixture pilocarpine solution consisting of aqueous sample and liposome and group 31% liposome pilocarpine, respectively. The aqueous humor was withdrawn at 5, 10, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 min. Pilocarpine was extracted from aqueous humor with dichloromethane.
RESULTThe linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range of 0.1 - 20 microg/ml. The average recovery was (68.1+/-2.7)% (n=9). Inter-day and intra-day RSD were 4.33% and 2.87%, respectively. In three formations 1% liposome pilocarpine was the best for the areas under curve and measurable amounts.
CONCLUSIONThe RP-HPLC method is simple and reliable for pilocarpine measurement in ocular aqueous. Liposome formulation can significantly increase the bioavailability of pilocarpine in ocular aqueous.
Animals ; Aqueous Humor ; chemistry ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Pilocarpine ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; Rabbits
2.Advances of study on the formulae based on a correlation and linear regression between the potassium concentration in the vitreous humor and the post-mortem interval and the factors which modifies the relationship.
Ji-feng CAI ; Tao TAO ; Hong-fu PAN
Journal of Forensic Medicine 2003;19(4):239-241
In this paper we reviewed the formulae and analyzed the factors which modified the relationship and estimate the time of death as precise as possible by potassium concentration in vitreous humor. The extra factors including numbers of the cases, cause of death, different eye of both, the urea or/and creatinine in vitreous humor, environmental temperature, sampling techniques, experimental and analytical method were also mentioned.
Aqueous Humor/chemistry*
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Creatinine/analysis*
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Forensic Medicine
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Humans
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Linear Models
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Postmortem Changes
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Potassium/analysis*
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Time Factors
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Urea/analysis*
3.Prostaglandin E in rabbit aqueous humor after Nd-YAG laser photodisruption of the iris and the effect of topical indomethacin pretreatment.
Chun Ki JOO ; Man Soo KIM ; Jae Ho KIM
Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 1987;1(2):122-127
Rabbit eyes were irradiated with a neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd-YAG) laser and the changes in prostaglandin E and protein levels in the aqueous humor were measured. Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter were also determined in the same rabbits. Prostaglandin E and protein in the aqueous humor were increased depending upon the number of laser lesions. The increase in intraorular pressure and the decrease in pupil diameter occurred at similar dosages of laser irradiation. The response of the iris to the photodisruption was rapid. Changes in prostaglandin and protein contents and pupil diameter were already prominent 15 min after laser irradiation. Indomethacin pretreatment abolished most of these responses, suggesting that acute reactions following photodisruption were largely dependent on prostaglandin synthesis in iris tissue
Administration, Topical
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Animals
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Aqueous Humor/*analysis
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Female
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Indomethacin/*pharmacology
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Iris/*surgery
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Laser Therapy
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*Light Coagulation
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Male
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Prostaglandins E/*analysis
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Rabbits
4.The relationship between PMI and concentration of potassium ion and sodium ion in swine aqueous humor after death.
Ju HAN ; Guang-biao YU ; Ye-qiang DONG ; Chao FANG ; Hua-lan JING ; Si-min LUO
Journal of Forensic Medicine 2010;26(2):88-90
OBJECTIVE:
To explored the relationship between the concentration of potassium ion as well as sodium ion in the aqueous humor and post-mortem interval (PMI).
METHODS:
The concentrations of potassium ion and sodium ion in the aqueous humor of swine within 48 h after death at 4 degrees C and 28 degrees C were detected using Z-500 atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
RESULTS:
The concentrations of potassium ion and sodium ion in aqueous humor of isolated swine eyeballs within 48 h after death when the environmental temperature was 4 degrees C were significantly related to PMI. The relationship between PMI and the concentration of potassium ion was PMI = -0.178[K+]2 + 49.978 (R2 = 0.995). The relationship between PMI and the rate of sodium ion and potassium ion was PMI = 120.987/[Na+/K+]-28.834 (R2 = 0.905).
CONCLUSION
The concentration of potassium in aqueous humor of isolated swine eyeballs may be one of the reference indicators to estimate PMI of the corpses at lower temperatures.
Animals
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Aqueous Humor/chemistry*
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Female
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Forensic Pathology/methods*
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Male
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Postmortem Changes
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Potassium/analysis*
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Regression Analysis
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Sodium/analysis*
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Spectrophotometry, Atomic/methods*
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Swine
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Temperature
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Time Factors
5.The measurement of fibronectin concentrations in human aqueous humor.
Ki San KIM ; Byung Heon LEE ; In San KIM
Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 1992;6(1):1-5
The concentrations of fibronectin in aqueous humor, measured by ELISA which was developed to detect fibronectin, ranged from 5 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml. Aqueous humor was aspirated from human eyes with cataracts and glaucomas using a 26 gauge needle through the peripheral cornea before making the limbal incision into the anterior chamber during surgery. The results of the study show that the average concentration and standard deviation of fibronectin was 0.136 +/- 0.192 microgram/ml in cataract eyes, and 0.962 +/- 0.918 microgram/ml in glaucoma eyes respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between both groups (p = 0.000). However, no significant differences according to age and sex were noted. There was no influence due to preoperative intravenous mannitol injection on fibronectin concentration. The source of aqueous fibronectin is still not clearly known and the mechanism of the higher concentration of fibronectin in glaucoma has not been clearly disclosed, however it is thought that normally present fibronectin is accumulated in the anterior chamber because it can not pass the aqueous outflow pathway, or that fibronectin production may be increased in glaucoma.
Adolescent
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Adult
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Aged
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Aqueous Humor/*metabolism
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Cataract/metabolism
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Female
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Fibronectins/*analysis
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Glaucoma/metabolism
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Humans
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Male
;
Middle Aged
6.Determination of mangiferin in rat plasma and aqueous humor by HPLC.
Shengjun FAN ; Yuanqin GU ; Guoyu LI ; Mingyu ZHANG ; Baoxin LI ; Hong ZHANG ; Yunlong HOU
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2011;36(5):598-602
A HPLC method was developed for the determination of mangiferin in rat plasma and aqueous humor. 4-Nitrophenol was used as internal standard. Analysis was performed on a Cosmosil ODS C18 analytical column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) with mobile phase consisting of methanol-water (40: 60) with 2% glacial acetic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The calibration curve of mangiferin in rat plasma and aqueous humor showed excellent linear behaviors over the investigated concentration of 0. 50-250.00 mg x L(-1) in plasma and 0.10-10.00 mg x L(-1) in aqueous humor, respectively, and the correlation coefficients were all above 0.995 4. The intra-day and inter-day precisions for all samples were measured to be below 12%. The limit of quantitation was 0.10 mg x L(-1) and low enough for the determination of mangiferin in all samples. The validated method has been successfully applied to preliminary pharmacokinetics study of mangiferin in rat plasma and aqueous humor.
Animals
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Aqueous Humor
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chemistry
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Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
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Female
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Male
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Nitrophenols
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analysis
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Rats
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Rats, Wistar
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Reproducibility of Results
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Sensitivity and Specificity
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Xanthones
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blood
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pharmacokinetics
7.Analysis of Aqueous Humor Calcium and Phosphate from Cataract Eyes with and without Diabetes Mellitus.
Chan Joong KIM ; Sang Kyung CHOI
Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;21(2):90-94
PURPOSE: To compare the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the aqueous humor and serum of diabetics and non-diabetics. METHODS: We divided patients into two groups: seventy-six non-diabetic cataract patients and fifty-two diabetic cataract patients. The diabetic group was divided again into three subgroups: twenty-six patients with no diabetic retinopathy, thirteen patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and thirteen patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The authors compared the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the serum and aqueous humor of cataract patients. Statistic analysis was performed to form two comparisons: 1) a comparison between non-diabetics and diabetics and 2) a comparison among non-diabetics and the three subgroups of diabetics. RESULTS: In serum, calcium levels did not statistically differ between non-diabetics and diabetics. The phosphorus level was also not significantly different. In the aqueous humor, however, while calcium levels did not differ significantly, the phosphorus levels in diabetics were considerably higher than those in non-diabetics. When non-diabetics were compared to the three diabetic subgroups, calcium levels did not differ in serum or aqueous humor, but the phosphorus levels in diabetics with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were significantly higher than those in non-diabetics, diabetics without diabetic retinopathy, and diabetics with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The level of phosphorus in the aqueous humor and serum of diabetics was significantly increased, especially in diabetics with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This result may be related to hydrophilic acrylic IOL opacification. Future studies regarding the pathogenic role of a high concentration of aqueous humor and serum phosphorus are required.
Aged
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Aged, 80 and over
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Aqueous Humor/*chemistry
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Biological Markers/analysis
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Calcium/*analysis
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Cataract/complications/*metabolism
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Diabetic Retinopathy/complications/*metabolism
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Female
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Humans
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Male
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Middle Aged
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Phosphorus/*analysis
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Regression Analysis
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Retrospective Studies
8.Analysis of Aqueous Humor Calcium and Phosphate from Cataract Eyes with and without Diabetes Mellitus.
Chan Joong KIM ; Sang Kyung CHOI
Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;21(2):90-94
PURPOSE: To compare the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the aqueous humor and serum of diabetics and non-diabetics. METHODS: We divided patients into two groups: seventy-six non-diabetic cataract patients and fifty-two diabetic cataract patients. The diabetic group was divided again into three subgroups: twenty-six patients with no diabetic retinopathy, thirteen patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and thirteen patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The authors compared the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the serum and aqueous humor of cataract patients. Statistic analysis was performed to form two comparisons: 1) a comparison between non-diabetics and diabetics and 2) a comparison among non-diabetics and the three subgroups of diabetics. RESULTS: In serum, calcium levels did not statistically differ between non-diabetics and diabetics. The phosphorus level was also not significantly different. In the aqueous humor, however, while calcium levels did not differ significantly, the phosphorus levels in diabetics were considerably higher than those in non-diabetics. When non-diabetics were compared to the three diabetic subgroups, calcium levels did not differ in serum or aqueous humor, but the phosphorus levels in diabetics with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were significantly higher than those in non-diabetics, diabetics without diabetic retinopathy, and diabetics with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The level of phosphorus in the aqueous humor and serum of diabetics was significantly increased, especially in diabetics with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This result may be related to hydrophilic acrylic IOL opacification. Future studies regarding the pathogenic role of a high concentration of aqueous humor and serum phosphorus are required.
Aged
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Aged, 80 and over
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Aqueous Humor/*chemistry
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Biological Markers/analysis
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Calcium/*analysis
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Cataract/complications/*metabolism
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Diabetic Retinopathy/complications/*metabolism
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Female
;
Humans
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Male
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Middle Aged
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Phosphorus/*analysis
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Regression Analysis
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Retrospective Studies
9.Vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium-derived factor in aqueous humor of patients with choroidal neovascularization.
Jian-ping TONG ; Ye SHEN ; Wai-man CHAN ; Shun-chao LIN ; Zhi-pei PENG
Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences 2006;35(3):311-314
OBJECTIVETo detect the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in aqueous humor of patients with active choroidal neovascularization (CNV).
METHODSAqueous humor samples were obtained from 32 patients with active CNV. The concentrations of VEGF and PEDF in aqueous humor were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitative analysis. VEGF and PEDF in 10 samples of aqueous humor from patients with cataract were also detected by the same methods as control.
RESULTThe mean VEGF and PEDF concentrations in aqueous humor of active CNV patients were higher than those in the control group (P=0.000).
CONCLUSIONThe patients with active CNV exhibit significantly higher VEGF and PEDF levels than those in control, indicating that VEGF along with PEDF may modulate the formation of CNV.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aqueous Humor ; chemistry ; Choroidal Neovascularization ; metabolism ; Eye Proteins ; analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Growth Factors ; analysis ; Serpins ; analysis ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; analysis
10.Determination of drug concentration in aqueous humor of cataract patients administered gatifloxacin ophthalmic gel.
Xuan LIU ; Ning-li WANG ; Yan-ling WANG ; Chen MA ; Li MA ; Li-xin GAO ; Ying-xiang HUANG ; Shi-hong XIONG ; Kang WANG
Chinese Medical Journal 2010;123(15):2105-2110
BACKGROUNDOphthalmic gel has been developed to increase the drug concentration in aqueous humor and to retard the loss of drug from the conjunctival sac. The research was to compare the drug concentration in aqueous humor of cataract patients administered 0.3% gatifloxacin ophthalmic gel with that in patients administered 0.3% gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution.
METHODSNinety-six patients with cataract (96 eyes) were randomly assigned to 8 groups. The patients in groups 1-4 received topical gatifloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic gel and those in groups 5-8 received gatifloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution. The dose regimen was 1 drop, 4 times a day for 3 consecutive days prior to cataract surgery. On the day of surgery, 1 drop was applied at 15, 30, 60 or 120 minutes before commencement of cataract surgery in groups 1 and 5, groups 2 and 6, groups 3 and 7, and groups 4 and 8, respectively. Aqueous humor was extracted during the cataract surgery for the analysis of gatifloxacin concentration..
RESULTSThe concentrations of gatifloxacin in aqueous humor were (0.24 +/- 0.25) microg/ml, (1.11 +/- 0.74) microg/ml, (2.32 +/- 2.01) microg/ml and (1.85 +/- 1.14) microg/ml in groups 1 to 4, and (0.16 +/- 0.25) microg/ml, (0.31 +/- 0.24) microg/ml, (0.75 +/- 0.28) microg/ml and (0.33 +/- 0.22) microg/ml in groups 5 to 8, respectively. Patients receiving gatifloxacin ophthalmic gel showed greater mean values of gatifloxacin concentration in aqueous humor than those receiving gatifloxacin solution, and such differences were significant with P < 0.05 for all comparisons except that between groups 1 and 5.
CONCLUSIONTopical gatifloxacin ophthalmic gel can attain significantly greater drug concentrations in human aqueous humor than gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anti-Infective Agents ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Aqueous Humor ; metabolism ; Cataract ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Female ; Fluoroquinolones ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry