Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of mortality and disability among young individuals in our society, and globally the incidence of TBI is rising sharply. Mounting evidence has indicated that apolipoprotein E (apoE: protein; APOE: gene) genotype influences the outcome after TBI. The proposed mechanism by which APOE affects the clinicopathological consequences of TBI is multifactorial and includes amyloid deposition, disruption of lipid distribution, dysfunction of mitochondrial energy production, oxidative stress and increases intracellular calcium in response to injury. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of apoE and its receptors on cerebral amyloid beta-protein precursor metabolism following TBI.
Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Apolipoproteins E ; Brain Injuries ; metabolism ; Humans

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a membrane receptor on myeloid cells and plays an important role in the body's immune defense. Recently, TREM2 has received extensive attention from researchers, and its activity has been found in Alzheimer's disease, neuroinflammation, and traumatic brain injury. The appearance of TREM2 is usually accompanied by changes in apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and there has been a lot of research into their structure, as well as the interaction mode and signal pathways involved in them. As two molecules with broad and important roles in the human body, understanding their correlation may provide therapeutic targets for certain diseases. In this article, we reviewed several diseases in which TREM2 and ApoE are synergistically involved in the development. We further discussed the positive or negative effects of the TREM2-ApoE pathway on nervous system immunity and inflammation.
Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism* ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics* ; Microglia/metabolism* ; Myeloid Cells/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases

BACKGROUND: Apo E lipoprotein is made up of 299 amino acid and is classified into three major isoforms(E2, E3 and E4). Aop E lipoprotein plays an important role in the regulation of the lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the variations of plasma lipids depending on the apo E genotype in the Korean males. METHODS: We studied 257 male subjects without evidence of coronary artery disease. Apo E genotyping was determined with the INNO-line probe assay apo E test, which is based on reverse hybridization. RESULTS: Apo E genotype frequencies for 257 subjects were as follows, 73.9% for epsilon3/3, 16% for epsilon4/3, 8.2% for epsilon3/2, 1.2% for epsilon2/2, and 0.8 for epsilon4/4. We found significant differences in apo E allele frequencies of our subjects campared with those of western populations. Compared to the subjects with apo epsilon3, the subjects with apo epsilon2 was associated with higher levels of triglyceride, and the subjects with apo epsilon4 had lower levels of HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION: The frequencies of apeE genotype varies depending on the ethnic origin. ApoE polymorphism plays an important role in determining individual differences in plasma lipids.
Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Individuality ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoproteins ; Male* ; Plasma* ; Triglycerides

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study we investigated the association between the polymorphism of apolipoprotein E and the development of myocardial infarction, and assessed whether this polymorphism produces any changes of plasma lipid level. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 182 patients participated in this study and were divided into two groups; 91 patients with myocardial infarction (MI group) and 91 patients with no known heart disease (control group). For both groups we analyzed the clinical parameters, the changes of plasma lipid level and the degree of polymorphism of apolipoprotein E. RESULTS: Total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the MI group, while the HDL cholesterol level was significantly lower. Compared with the control group, the frequency of epsilon2 allele was significantly lower while that of epsilon3 allele was significantly higher in the MI group. As for the control group, the triglyceride level was significantly higher in the patients with epsilon 2 allele than in those without epsilon 2 allele, and the total cholesterol level was significantly higher in the patients with epsilon 4 allele than in those without epsilon 4 allele. In the MI group, the plasma lipid levels were not significantly different from those in the control group. CONCLUSION: We suggested that apolipoprotein E polymorphism could affect the lipid metabolism as well as the development of myocardial infarction. However further study is needed in patients with myocardial infarction.
Alleles ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoproteins ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Plasma ; Triglycerides

PURPOSE: The increased prevalence of dyslipoproteinemia in obese children probably contributes to the high risk of cardiovascular disease associated with being overweight. The genetic makeup is possible one of the factors that influence the impact of obesity on lipid metabolism. A relation between apolipoprotein E (Apo E) polymorphism and lipid metabolism has been convincingly demonstrated in large population. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Apo E polymorphism also influences the risk of dyslipidemia in obese children. METHODS: We studied 89 obese children with weight-for-height excess of 40% by obesity index. We measured the serum concentration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein A (Apo A) and Apo B after overnight fasting. Apo E gene polymorphism of the 89 obese children and 30 control students were analyzed by ARMS (amplication refractory mutation system) method. RESULTS: The frequency of etsilon2, etsilon3, and etsilon4 allele were 9.7%, 82.3% and 8.0%, respectively in children. There was no significant difference between Apo E allele frequency of obese children and those of nonobese children. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Apo B were lower in etsilon2 genotype. The obese children with etsilon4 genotype had higher frequency of hypertriglyceridemia, increased level of Lp(a) and decreased level of HDL-cholesterol than other types. There was no evidence of EKG abnormality and cardiovascular complications in obese children. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated that obesity is associated with an increase in the risk of lipoprotein abnormalities and that the serum concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Apo B were influenced by Apo E genotypes.
Alleles ; Apolipoproteins B ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Arm ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Child* ; Cholesterol ; Dyslipidemias ; Electrocardiography ; Fasting ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoprotein(a) ; Lipoproteins ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Plasma* ; Prevalence ; Triglycerides

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Changes in lipid profiles in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) during direct-acting antiviral therapy have been reported in recent years. However, the clinical aspects of disturbed lipid metabolism in chronic HCV infection have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: Dynamic changes in serum total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein levels in patients infected with HCV genotype 1b were examined during combination therapy with daclatasvir (DCV) and asunaprevir (ASV). RESULTS: Total, LDL−, and HDL-cholesterol levels increased rapidly and persistently after week 4. Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B, apo C-II, and apo C-III levels were significantly higher at week 4 than at week 0. In contrast, apo A-II and apo E levels were significantly lower. The differences in LDL− and HDL-cholesterol levels were positively correlated with those of apo B and apo A-I, respectively. Interestingly, in patients with non-sustained virological response, these cholesterol levels decreased rapidly after viral breakthrough or viral relapse. Furthermore, similar changes were observed for apo A-I, apo B and apo C-III levels. CONCLUSIONS: Clearance of HCV using combination therapy with DCV and ASV results in rapid changes in serum lipid profiles, suggesting an influence of HCV infection on disturbed lipid metabolism.
Apolipoprotein A-I ; Apolipoprotein A-II ; Apolipoprotein C-II ; Apolipoprotein C-III ; Apolipoproteins ; Apolipoproteins B ; Apolipoproteins E ; Cholesterol ; Genotype ; Hepacivirus* ; Hepatitis C* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoproteins ; Recurrence

Accelerated atherosclerosis is not only a frequent complication but also the most common cause of death in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Although mechanisms are unclear, disorder of lipid metabolism may be a major factor. Since apolipo-protein (apo) E is known to play a major regulatory role in lipid metabolism, we evaluated apo E genotype in 72 male patients with CRF and compared with that in 194 rnale normal controls. In addition, we measured plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations and evaluated them according to apo E genotype in patients and controls. Apo E genotype was determined with the INNO-LiPA Apo E kit (Innogenetics, Belgium), which is based on reverse hybridization. The results are as follows ; 1) The distribution of the three major apo E alleles in patients with CRF ( e 2: 6.2%, e 3: 80.6%, e 4: 13.2%) was not different from that in controls ( e 2: 4.1%, e 3: 87.6%, e 4: 8.3%). 2) In patients with CRF, total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly lower and the triglyceride and lipoprotein (a) levels were significantly higher than those in controls. 3) In controls, E 4/3 group had significantly lower levels of HDL than E 3/3 and E 3/2 groups. In patients with CRF, E 4/3 group had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and apo B lipoprotein than E3/2 group. In conclusion, although there was no significant difference in the apo E genotype frequencies between male patients with CRF and controls, apo E polymorphism may play an important role in the determination of individual differences in plasma lipids in male patients with CRF.
Alleles ; Apolipoproteins B ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Atherosclerosis ; Cause of Death ; Cholesterol ; Genotype ; Humans ; Individuality ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipoprotein(a) ; Lipoproteins ; Male* ; Plasma* ; Triglycerides

Brain injury is a kind of wound by violence on head, which is a mechanical distortion of skull, meninx, cerebral vascular and brain tissue due to outside force acting on head. Apolipoproteins E (ApoE) is a major kind of apolipoproteins, participating in the metabolism of lipid and regulating balance of cholesterol. Some recent investigations show that gene polymorphism of ApoE is associated with various kinds of diseases. Also its immunoreactivity is changed regularly with brain injury. In addition, ApoE has remarkable effect in neurological normal growth and reparative process after brain injury. This article reviews the biological characteristics and mechanism of ApoE in the repair of brain injury and application prospect in forensic medicine, which may be able to provide new ideas for estimation of the brain injury time and related experimental research.
Apolipoproteins E/physiology* ; Brain/metabolism* ; Brain Injuries/physiopathology* ; Forensic Medicine ; Head ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic

PURPOSE: Weight changes, especially weight gain, is a side effect of antiepileptics(especially valproate and carbamazepine). This may be sufficiently severe to cause noncompliance or to require the withdrawal of effective treatment. Unfortunately, the exact mechanism of weight change is not illustrated. Several reports and our experiment suggested that weight gain highly correlated with a familial tendency of obesity. The genetic makeup is a possible factor among those of the factors that influence the impact of obesity on lipid metabolism. The purpose of this prospective, random trial clinical study was to evaluate the coherence between the changes of weight and lipid profiles and apolipoprotein E polymorphism in children with antiepileptics. METHODS: We studied 60 epileptic children treated with antiepileptics. We measured the body mass index and lipid profiles:total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Changes of appetite and family histories of obesity were examined. The apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms of the patients were analyzed by the amplification refractory mutation system method. RESULTS: The body mass indexes of patient were significantly increased in all patient groups. The epileptic children who had E4 genotype showed higher frequencies of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and decreased level of HDL-cholesterol than other types. There was no significant difference between Apo E subtype with family histories of obesity and body mass index. CONCLUSION: An association with Apo E4 genotype and changes of serum lipid were demonstrated significantly in children on antiepileptics. But there was no significant difference between Apo E subtype and body mass index.
Anticonvulsants* ; Apolipoprotein E4 ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Appetite ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight* ; Child* ; Cholesterol ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; Lipid Metabolism ; Obesity ; Prospective Studies ; Triglycerides ; Valproic Acid ; Weight Gain

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a 34-kD plasma glycoapolipoprotein, plays a key role in lipoprotein metabolism by facilitating cellular uptake of remnants of triglyceride-rich chylomicrons and VLDL and may have other important biological functions. Various studies using apoE-knockout mice have elucidated the role of apoE in lipolysis, remnant clearance, and atherogenesis. Despite the growing evidence of the protective role exerted by apoE against atherosclerosis, the direct in vivo effects of the apoE overexpression on lipoprotein metabolism in the presence of endogenous mouse apoE are not yet fully understood. In this study, the technique of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer was employed to investigate the in vivo effect of apoE overexpression on lipid level and lipoprotein profile in mice fed on normal chow or high cholesterol diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Recombinant adenovirus (rAd.mApoE) containing mouse apoE cDNA driven by a cytomegalovirus promoter was generated and infused via tail vein in mice fed on normal chow or high cholesterol diet. Recombinant adenoviruses have emerged as the most efficient vectors for transient delivery of functional genes to the mammalian liver. RESULTS: rAd.mApoE in the various mouse tissues one week after injection was expressed mainly in the liver. ApoE overexpression decreased the cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in mice fed on normal chow. In mice fed on high cholesterol diet, apoE overexpression resulted in decrease in triglyceride concentration and increase in cholesterol. VLDL and LDL fraction were decreased, HDL was increased by apoE overexpression in both mice fed on normal chow and high cholesterol diet. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that overexpression of mouse apoE in mice with endogenous apoE may exert antiatherogenic effect by inducing favorable change in the lipoprotein profile, regardless of diet and consequent plasma lipid level. In the future, the studies regarding the effect of human apoE overexpression on the lipid and lipoprotein profile in mice fed on normal chow and high cholesterol diet will be helpful to understand the species differences or similarities in apoE activity.
Adenoviridae ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Atherosclerosis ; Cholesterol* ; Chylomicrons ; Cytomegalovirus ; Diet* ; DNA, Complementary ; Humans ; Lipolysis ; Lipoproteins* ; Liver ; Metabolism ; Mice* ; Plasma* ; Triglycerides ; Veins