OBJECTIVETo study the seed dormancy mechanisms and the optimal seed germinating conditions, so as to provide basis for the seed testing of Changium smyrnioides.

METHODPut the seeds into wettish sand under temperature of 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 degrees C, observe the shape changing of embryo and measure its length every other 10 days. Carry on experiments of seed germination under temperature of 25,20, 15, 10, 5 degrees C on the paper bed and sand bed, determine the time of germination starting, time of germination lasting, germination rate and germination energy.

RESULTEmbryo grew the most quickly under 15 degrees C. The seed germination was largely prohibited when the temperature is higher than 20 degrees C. The mildew rate was very high under 25, 20, 15, 10 degrees C. Put the seeds under 5 degrees C for 45 days could quickly break off its dormancy, and its mildew rate was lower. The seeds germinate fastest under the condition of 15-10 degrees C on the paper bed, and its germination rate was the highest.

CONCLUSIONThe morphological post-maturation seems the major dormancy mechanism of C. smyrnioides. Temperature is a major factor that affect seed germination of C. smymioides. The best pretreatment method is to put the seeds into 5 degrees C of wettish sand for 45 days. The best germination bed is the paper bed, and the best germination temperature is 15-10 degrees C.

Apiaceae ; growth & development ; physiology ; Germination ; physiology ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development ; physiology ; Seeds ; growth & development ; physiology ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo assess the suitability of origin habitats of Notopterygium incisum, and provide theoretical basis of screening suitable areas for its large-scale cultivation.

METHODDetailed field survey of N. incisum, spatial databases, and GIS technology were used for the habitats suitability assessment.

RESULTMore than 142 073 km2 in 118 counties of Sichuan, Tibetan, Qinghai and Gansu are the most suitable habitats for N. incisum in which more than 47% of the area is located in sichuan, and more than of 377 000 km2 in 266 counties are relative suitable for N. incisum in Sichuan, Tibetan, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan, Xinjiang, etc and 32% of the area is located in Sichuan.

CONCLUSIONAlmost all the most suitable habitats are appropriate for germplasm conservation, wild population protection and regeneration due to the shortage of arable land, fragmentation of these alpine and subalpine ecosystems and sensitiveness of the environment changes. Therefore, large-scale cultivation of N. incisum could be developed in those relative suitable areas abundant in arable lands and labors, especially in moutainous regions with high elevation in the west of Sichuan province, and Qinghai Tibet plateau in the northwest of Sichuan, Southeast of Qinghai and Gansu province.

Agriculture ; Apiaceae ; growth & development ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo analyze the dynamic change of chemical constituents in Changium smyrnioides at different ages and give a reference for standard cultivation.

METHODThe contents of polysaccharides, mannitol and choline in the roots were determined by colorimetry. HPLC was used to analyze water-soluble components in the roots. GC-MS was used to analyze volatile oil components in the leaves. Similarity coefficient of water-soluble components was calculated by included angle cosine method.

RESULTThere was significant difference in content of the analyzed chemical constituents except polysaccharide. Contents of mannitol, physiological ash and polysaccharide in the adult plant were higher than those in the young plant. On the contrast, content of water-soluble components and choline in the young plant was higher than that in the adult plant. With the increase of the growth years, water-soluble components in the roots and volatile oil components in the leaves were gradually concentrated.

CONCLUSIONThe growth time significantly affects the chemical constituents in Ch. smyrnioides, the reasonable harvest time is from the second to the forth year after transplanting.

Apiaceae ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo investigate the appropriate culture medium, process of seeds germination and seedlings growth, and optical measures for seedling management of Notopterygium incisum.

METHODGermination time and duration, germination potential and germination ratio were determined through controlled temperature, photoperiod, culture medium and seedling depth in illumination incubators.

RESULTThe appropriate temperature was 15 degrees C, and the most suitable culture medium was A6 (mixture of sawdust, vermiculite, charcoal, and perliet), and the most suitable semination depth is 1-1.5 cm.

CONCLUSIONHigh-qualified seedlings can be germinated through the dormancy-broken seeds, and soil and other culture mediums with high organic matter content and loosing texture are suitable for germination and seedlings raising of N. incisum.

Apiaceae ; growth & development ; Germination ; Light ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development ; Seedlings ; growth & development ; Seeds ; growth & development ; Soil ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo analyse botanical morphology in different populations and give a reference for germplasm evaluation of Changium smyrnioides.

METHODRoots and leaves were comprehensively compared among 10 populations of Ch. smyrnioides in the main distribution area, the foliar morphology similarity coefficient was calculated, and the systematic relationships were constructed based on UPGMA method.

RESULTThere was significant morphological difference among populations of Ch. smyrnioides. Plant shape was divided into the loosed-type, compacted-type and intermediated-type. Leaf split was divided into the lobated-type, parted-type and intermediate-type. Root shape was divided into spherical-type, column-type and spindle-type. Foliar morphology similarity coefficient differed significantly and ranged from 0.234 1 to 0.985 1 among 10 populations of Ch. smyrnioides. Zijinshan population was divided into a unique group when similarity coefficient was 0.37.

CONCLUSIONPlant tightness, lobation depth and root shape could be used as the basis for germplasm evaluation on Ch. smyrnioides. Zijinshan population could be used as a special germplasm to be exploited.

Apiaceae ; anatomy & histology ; classification ; growth & development ; Plant Leaves ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Plant Roots ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo analyze the distribution of chemical constituents in different parts of Changium smyrnioides.

METHODThe content of polysaccharides, mannitol and choline was determined by colorimetry and the water-soluble components was determined by HPLC. similarity coefficient of water-soluble components was calculated by the included angle cosine method.

RESULTThe Contents of chemical constituents were significantly different between the leaves and the roots. The contents of choline and polysaccharides in the roots was higher than those in the leaves, but the contents of water-soluble extract and physiological ash in the leaves was higher than those in the roots. Contents of chemical constituents were also significantly different at different segments in the root, which decreased from the upper to the lower parts, increased from the outside to the inside parts except physiological ash, and the difference in horizontal segments was higher than that in vertical segments. Total peak area of water-soluble components in the leaves was 2.81 times higher than that in the roots, and gradually increased from the outside to the inside parts.

CONCLUSIONTotal content of chemical constituents in the leaves was significantly higher than that in the roots. The quality of medicinal used parts decreased gradually from the inside to the outside parts and from the upper to the lower parts in the root of Ch. smyrnioides.

Apiaceae ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo observe the pollen morphological differences among different populations of Changium smyrnioides.

METHODThe pollen morphology of 10 populations were examined through LM and SEM observations.

RESULTPollens in different populations were distinguished from each other in the size, the largest average size was the pollen of the population cultivated in Hongshan, and the smallest was that of the population cultivated in Jiuhuashan. Pollens were oval-shaped in all of the populations, and P/E values were around 1.5. Typical feature of surface ornamentation was stripe-like structure, different populations were distinguished from each other in the texture depth and the gap. With different length and width in different populations, typical feature of germinal aperture was nearly square and 3 germinal furrows. Variation with 4 germinal apertures were found in the pollen of population cultivated in Hongshan.

CONCLUSIONDiversity of pollen morphology was high, and differentiation was strong in Ch. smyrnioides.

Apiaceae ; chemistry ; Cevanes ; administration & dosage ; metabolism ; Glycoproteins ; Plant Proteins ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Pollen ; growth & development

Growth suitability as assessment indicators for medicinal plants cultivation was proposed based on chemical quality determination and ecological factors analysis by Maxent and ArcGIS model. Notopterygium incisum, an endangered Chinese medicinal plant, was analyzed as a case, its potential distribution areas at different suitability grade and regionalization map were formulated based on growth suitability theory. The results showed that the most suitable habitats is Sichuan province, and more than 60% of the most suitable areawas located in the western Sichuan such as Aba and Ganzi prefectures for N. incisum. The results indicated that habitat altitude, average air temperature in September, and vegetation types were the dominant factors contributing to the grade of plant growth, precipitation and slope were the major factors contributing to notopterol accumulation in its underground parts, while isoimperatorin in its underground parts was negatively corelated with precipitation and slope of its habitat. However, slope as a factor influencing chemical components seemed to be a pseudo corelationship. Therefore, there were distinguishing differences between growth suitability and quality suitability for medicinal plants, which was helpful to further research and practice of cultivation regionalization, wild resource monitoring and large-scale cultivation of traditional Chinese medicine plants.
Apiaceae ; growth & development ; China ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geographic Information Systems ; Soil ; chemistry ; Temperature

Study the growth and development process of rhizomes(bamboo-like part) of Notopterygium incisum and the changes of carbohydrate, endogenous hormones and secondary metabolites, and provide theoretical guidance for the formation of high-quality N. incisum medicinal commodities under artificial cultivation. The One-year-old seedlings were transplanted to the original habitat,and the growth and physiological characteristics of N. incisum were dynamically monitored. The results showed that: ① Seedlings transplanted to the original habitat in spring could form rhizomes(bamboo-like part) in the same year. ② After 60 days of transplantation, the root length and root diameter of underground part of N. incisum had increased rapidly, and carbohydrate content in roots and rhizomes had accumulated rapidly. After 120 days of transplantation, the roots and rhizomes of underground part had grown slowly, and starch content in roots and rhizomes increased continuously, while sucrose and total soluble sugar content decreased gradually. ③ The content of abscisic acid(ABA) in rhizomes decreased firstly and then increased, while the indole acetic acid(IAA) content stabilized firstly and then increased rapidly, and the contents of gibberellin(GA_3) and zeatin riboside(ZR) continued to increase. ④ The content of notopterol in rhizomes was higher than that in roots, while the content of isoimperatorin was lower than that in roots, but the total content of the both in rhizomes was higher than that in roots. Therefore, N. incisum can form rhizomes with high content of secondary metabolites under wild tending, and the growth and development of rhizomes are closely related to changes in carbohydrates and are regulated by related endogenous hormones.
Apiaceae/growth & development* ; Ecosystem ; Phytochemicals/analysis* ; Plant Roots/growth & development* ; Plants, Medicinal/growth & development* ; Rhizome/growth & development* ; Secondary Metabolism ; Seedlings/growth & development*

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of seedling and fertilizer on yield and quality of cultivated Changium smyrnioides and build a basis for its GAP.

METHODExperiments were conducted to study the effects of seedling quality and different fertilizering measures on yield and quality of cultivated C. smyrnioides.

RESULTThe seedling and fertilizering depth affected the yield of roots obviously. Organic fertilizer combined with nitrogen and phosphorus could increase the amylose content obviously.

CONCLUSIONIn cultivation, the seedling (root length > 5.0 cm, root diameter > 0.3 cm, fresh root weight > 0.3 g) is optimal. The ideal combination is nitrogen, phosphorus and organic fertilizer. The suggested fertilizering depth ranged from 10 to 15 cm.

Amylose ; analysis ; metabolism ; Apiaceae ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Biomass ; Fertilizers ; Plant Roots ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Seasons ; Seedlings ; growth & development ; metabolism