To study the association between penetration enhancement effect of essential oils and drug properties of traditional Chinese medicines. Through literature research, 34 kinds of essential oils with the penetration enhancement effect were collected. The methods of frequency analysis and variable crosstab were used for intuitive analysis and association analysis. The association between penetration enhancement effect of essential oils and drug properties (four natures, five flavors, channel tropism) were analyzed by a general linear model. According to the findings, the essential oils with penetration enhancement effect were all sourced from acrid traditional Chinese medicines, because their positive drug nature contributed to the enhancement of the penetration effect of essential oil; five flavors had little effect on penetration enhancement (P = 0.6982), but four natures and channel tropism showed significant effects (P = 0.011, 0.077). In conclusion, there were obvious association and regularity between penetration enhancement effect of essential oils and drug properties of traditional Chinese medicine.
Data Mining ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Permeability ; Skin ; metabolism

AIM: To evaluate the differences of macular vascular network measured by optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)between severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(S-NPDR)eyes and health eyes, and explore the changes of these OCTA characteristics in patients with S-NPDR before and after panretinal photocoagulation(PRP).

METHODS: This was a prospective study including 31 eyes from 18 consecutive patients with S-NPDR and 31 eyes of healthy subjects. We measured macular vascular density and foveal avascular zone(FAZ)area and volume by an OCTA device.

RESULTS: Compared to the normal control group, in superficial retinal capillary plexus(SCP), macular vascular density decreased in S-NPDR group, except foveal vascular density unchanged. Consistently, in deep retinal capillary plexus(DCP), macular vascular density was also lower in S-NPDR group. In addition, FAZ area and volume expanded in S-NPDR eyes. At 6mo post-PRP in S-NPDR eyes, foveal SCP and DCP densities increased significantly, while FAZ area and volume decreased. At 3mo post-PRP, only foveal vascular density in DCP increased. The changes of foveal SCP and DCP densities as well as FAZ area and volume were not statically significant at 1mo post-PRP.

CONCLUSION: Macular vascular network was impaired in S-NPDR assessed by OCTA. Although OCTA parameters were not significantly affected by PRP in 1 and 3mo period, at 6mo follow-up parameters became significant after PRP.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the most serious complications of diabetes, has been associated with inflammatory processes. We have recently reported that interleukin (IL)-17A, a proinflammatory cytokine, is increased in the plasma of diabetic patients. Further investigation is required to clarify the role of IL-17A in DR. Ins2(Akita) (Akita) diabetic mice and high-glucose (HG)-treated primary Müller cells were used to mimic DR-like pathology. Diabetes induced retinal expression of IL-17A and IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) in Müller cells in contrast to ganglion cells. Further evidence demonstrated that retinal Müller cells cultured in vitro increased IL-17A and IL-17RA expression as well as IL-17A secretion in the HG condition. In both the HG-treated Müller cells and Akita mouse retina, the Act1/TRAF6/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway was activated. IL-17A further enhanced inflammatory signaling activation, whereas Act1 knockdown or IKK inhibition blocked the downstream signaling activation by IL-17A. HG- and diabetes-induced Müller cell activation and dysfunction, as determined by increased glial fibrillary acidic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor and glutamate levels and decreased glutamine synthetase and excitatory amino acid transporter-1 expression, were exacerbated by IL-17A; however, they were alleviated by Act1 knockdown or IKK inhibition. In addition, IL-17A intravitreal injection aggravated diabetes-induced retinal vascular leukostasis, vascular leakage and ganglion cell apoptosis, whereas Act1 silencing or anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody ameliorated the retinal vascular damage and neuronal cell apoptosis. These findings establish that IL-17A exacerbates DR-like pathology by the promotion of Müller cell functional impairment via Act1 signaling.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Diabetic Retinopathy* ; Excitatory Amino Acids ; Ganglion Cysts ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase ; Glutamic Acid ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interleukin-17* ; Interleukins ; Intravitreal Injections ; Leukostasis ; Mice ; Neurons ; Pathology ; Plasma ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship of carotid artery plaque and blood pressure variation and cardiovascular risk factors.

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed clinical data of in-patients treated in the department of hypertension between April 2009 and June 2010. Information on carotid ultrasonography and other clinical date were obtained from 408 patients. All patients were monitored by ambulatory blood pressure.

RESULTS(1) Carotid artery determined in plaque was 55.3%, there was no differences between men and women. However, the carotid artery plague was associated positively with age. Increased age was associated with a significantly increased positive rate. (2) Cardiovascular risk factors and carotid artery plaque: carotid artery plaque was associated with duration of disease, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol. (3) 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and carotid artery plaque: the prevalence of carotid artery plaque increased with increasing coefficient of systolic variation (P = 0.001). There was no correlation between the coefficient of diastolic variation and the prevalence (P = 0.644).(4) Multivariate regression analysis indicated that carotid artery plaque was associated with duration of hypertension, 24 h mean systolic blood pressure, and coefficient of variation of 24 h blood pressure (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCarotid atherosclerosis is independently associated with coefficient of variation of blood pressure, especially with coefficient of variation of systolic blood pressure.

Adult ; Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Carotid Artery Diseases ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; complications ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of retrograde intrarenal surgery(RIRS) and miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy(mini-PCNL) in the treatment of lower pole kidney stones with a diameter <1.5 cm.Methods:The data of 95 patients with lower pole kidney stones with a diameter <1.5 cm treated in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from June 2017 to October 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different surgical methods, the patients were divided into RIRS group and mini-PCNL group. There were 51 cases in RIRS group and 44 cases in mini-PCNL group. There was no significant difference in age [(48.2±11.4) years vs. (46.4±14.1) years], body mass index [(21.9±2.4) kg/m 2 vs. (20.7±3.2) kg/m 2], gender [male/female: 37/14 vs. 24/20], stone CT [(746.42±164.24)HU vs. (858.62±148.72)HU], creatinine [(71.3±21.6)μmol/L vs. (63.5±20.3)μmol/L], stone location (left/right: 26/25 vs. 23/21), stone diameter [(10.5±2.1) mm vs. (12.5±2.4) mm], infundibulopelvic angle [(43.32±9.42) degrees vs. (43.82±10.34) degrees], infundibular length [(24.92±4.85)mm vs. (24.37±5.26)mm] and infundibular [(9.26±3.04)mm vs.(9.46±2.94)mm] between the two groups ( P>0.05). The operation time, stone-free rate, hospital stay and postoperative complications between the two groups were compared. Results:Compared with the mini-PCNL group, the RIRS group had significantly smaller decrease in postoperative hemoglobin [(1.53±0.92) g/L vs. (4.54±2.46) g/L, P<0.05], the postoperative hospital stay was shorter [(2.52±0.94) d vs. (4.51±1.25)d, P<0.05], and postoperative visual analogue score was lower [(2.43±0.92) vs. (3.24±0.76), P<0.05]. The operation time of the mini-PCNL group was shorter than that of the RIRS group [(42.32±13.28) min vs. (54.24±14.43)min, P<0.05]. There was no significant difference in postoperative complications [5.9% (3/51) vs. 11.4% (5/44), P>0.05], postoperative cveatinine [(71.3±21.6) μmol/L vs. (63.5±20.3) μmol/L, P>0.05], postoperative intestinal function recovery time [(25.46±10.28)h vs. (32.43±9.25)h, P>0.05] and stone-free rate [92.2% (47/51) vs. 97.7% (43/ 44), P>0.05] between the two groups. Conclusions:Both RIRS and mini-PCNL are effective and safe minimally invasive treatments for lower pole kidney stones with a diameter < 1.5 cm. RIRS has shorter operation time, less blood loss, lower pain score and faster postoperative recovery.

Retina and optic nerve both originate in brain, therefore they have the similar structure and functional characteristics of the brain. Exploring the performance of the central optic nervous disorder on the retina will be beneficial to uncovering the interaction mechanism between brain and eye. As an extension of the central nervous system, the retina contains ganglion cell, a special neuron, whose axon form the optic nerve and has access into the central nervous system. Therefore, the retina can be used as a mirror reflecting neurodegenerative diseases structurally and functionally. With the development of imaging technology, optical coherence tomography(angiography)has become the mainstream tool for ophthalmological clinical diagnosis due to its easy operation and low cost. In recent years, discovering biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and so on, in the retinal optical coherence tomography images has gradually become an emerging research direction. In this review, we summarized the research progress of neurodegenerative diseases analysis based on the retinal images in the past decade, and provide a prospect to inspire further research as far as possible.

ObjectiveWe explored the protective effects of coenzyme Q₁₀ （CoQ₁₀） on hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂）-induced platelet mitochondrial dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms. MethodsPeripheral venous blood from healthy volunteers was collected to prepare gel-filtered platelet suspension. Gel-filtered platelets were incubated with 100 μmol/L CoQ₁₀ for 50 min followed by 30 min incubation with H₂O₂ （n≥3 per group）. Mitochondrial membrane potential， phosphatidylserine （PS） exposure ratio and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species （mtROS） were measured by flow cytometry. Concentrations of total cellular ROS and ATP were measured by microplate reader. The phosphorylation level of platelet protein p53 and expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were detected by Western blot. ResultsIn resting platelets， CoQ₁₀ had no effect on mitochondrial function （mitochondrial membrane potential， PS exposure positive rate， intracellular ROS， mtROS， ATP levels， P>0.05）. In the oxidative stress model， H₂O₂ significantly decreased platelet mitochondrial membrane potential and increase PS exposure in platelets. CoQ₁₀ significantly inhibited the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by H₂O₂ ［（35.76%±3.94）% vs. （21.04%±1.69）%，P <0.05］， without inhibitory effect on PS exposure （P >0.05）. Further mechanism study found that CoQ₁₀ directly inhibited the production of ROS and mtROS induced by H₂O₂ （P<0.05）， reduced the phosphorylation level of p53 and increased Bcl-2 family expression level （P<0.05） while having no effect on ATP content decrease （P>0.05）. ConclusionCoQ₁₀ inhibits H₂O₂-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in platelets， by reducing p53 phosphorylation and increasing the expression of Bcl-2 family survival protein.

BackgroundSeveral studies have investigated the association between smoking and anal abscess and anal fistula (AA/F) diseases. However, the relationship between cigarette smoking and AA/F remains unclear. This study sought to assess the role of smoking in anorectal male patients in a Chinese population.

MethodsIn this retrospective study, a questionnaire, including smoking history, was completed over a 3-month period by male inpatients in the Proctology Department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital. "Cases" were patients who had AA/F, and "controls" were patients with other anorectal complaints. Mann-Whitney U-test and Chi-square test were carried out to examine differences in baseline characteristics between groups. Subsequently, multivariate logistic regression was used to explore any related factors.

ResultsA total of 977 patients aged from 18 to 80 years were included, excluding those diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease or diabetes mellitus. Out of this total, 805 patients (82.4%) completed the entire questionnaire. Among the 805 patients, 334 (41.5%) were cases and 471 (58.5%) were controls. Results showed significant differences between cases and controls (χ = 205.2, P < 0.001), with smoking found to be associated with the development of AA/F diseases (odds ratio: 12.331, 95% confidence interval: 8.364-18.179, P < 0.001).

ConclusionsThis study suggested smoking to be a potential risk factor for the development of AA/F diseases in a Chinese population. Consequently, current smoking patients should be informed of this relationship, and further research should be conducted to explore and investigate this further.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anus Diseases ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Rectal Fistula ; epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; adverse effects ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

The present study evaluates different processing and drying methods and investigates their effects on the chemical components in Paeoniae Radix Alba via content determination. The fresh medicinal materials of Paeoniae Radix Alba collected from Bozhou of Anhui province were processed(boiled and peeled) and dried(hot air-dried, infrared-dried, and microwave-dried) at different temperatures(40, 50, 60 and 70 ℃), and the 11 components(monoterpene glycosides, polyphenols, tannin, and benzoic acid) in Paeoniae Radix Alba were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-TQ-MS). Then the compounds in processed and dried samples were analyzed by partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and the contribution rates of differential components were evaluated by variable important in projection(VIP). The results indicated that the samples obtained by different processing and drying methods could be distinguished. Albiflorin, gallic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, and benzoic acid were the common differential components in boiled Paeoniae Radix Alba. Benzoic acid was the common differential component in peeled Paeoniae Radix Alba. Gallic acid was the common differential component in Paeoniae Radix Alba dried by different methods. The samples could not be distinguished after drying at different temperatures due to the lack of common differential components. This study is expected to provide a reference for the selection of processing and drying methods and the optimization of processing parameters.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Paeonia ; Plant Extracts ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

This study aims to compare the differences of Paeonia lactiflora from different habitats by establishing fingerprint. The fingerprint of P. lactiflora was established by UPLC. The samples collected from Sichuan,Hebei,Henan,Shanxi and Anhui were analyzed. The common peaks were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The relative peak area of the common peaks was analyzed through similarity evaluation system( 2012 edition) for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine developed by the National Pharmacopoeia Commission. Twelve common peaks were obtained and ten components were identified by reference substance and literature comparison. The similarity of each sample to the reference fingerprint is greater than 0. 900. However,all samples were clearly divided into 5 groups according to habitats after PLS-DA analysis. The peaks 2,6( ethyl gallate),10( galloypaeoniflorin) and 12( benzoyl paeoniflorin) were found to be the main difference components between the samples from five different habitats through the VIP value map. The study found that the variety of ingredients in the different areas are basically similar. But there are some differences in the content of the four components. The results of this study can provide reference at choosing and utilizing P. lactiflora from different places comprehensively.
China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Ecosystem ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Phytochemicals ; analysis ; Plant Roots ; chemistry