BACKGROUNDAfter anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, some patients suffered from sensory disturbance around the surgical incision of the leg. This research was aimed to investigate the relationship between the different skin incisions and the injury of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN) post ACL reconstruction.

METHODSACL reconstructions were performed with quadruple hamstring tendon for 60 patients. Sensory disturbance around the skin incision was followed up at an average of 14.5 +/- 4.7 months post operation. Among the 60 patients, vertical incision for 35 patients and oblique incision for 25 patients were used for graft taking during ACL reconstruction. The lengths of the incisions were measured. The patients were asked to mark the sensory disturbance zone at follow up time, and then the marked area was measured. The IPBSN of 15 cadaver knees were anatomized. The distance between the IPBSN and the upper edge of the pes anserinus tendon at the middle point of the incision was measured. Independent-samples t-test, chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analyses.

RESULTSThe patients' age (P = 0.329), the follow-up time (P = 0.681), and the incision length (P = 0.732) between the two groups had no significant difference. Twenty-three patients (65.7%) in the vertical incision group had IPBSN injury compared with 6 patients (24.0%) in oblique incision group (P = 0.002). The average sensory disturbance area in vertical incision group ((48.0 +/- 75.3) cm(2)) was significantly larger (P = 0.004) than that in the oblique group ((8.4 +/- 19.4) cm(2)). The anatomy measurement showed the average distance between IPBSN and the upper edge of the pes anserinus tendon was 0.6 cm at the incision.

CONCLUSIONSOblique incision with less risk of damage for IPBSN may be better for graft harvesting in ACL reconstruction. As the IPBSN is so near and parallel to the hamstring tendons, damage to the IPBSN is one of the potential complications for graft harvesting, regardless of the incision used. That's why even in the oblique incision group, 24% patients also had sensory disturbance complication.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; innervation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects

The skeletal muscle atrophy could be induced by the injury of nerve. According to the source of denervated skeletal mus-cle atrophy, it could be divided into exogenous muscle atrophy and endogenous muscle atrophy. In recent years, the ex-ogenous muscle atrophy models are mainly established by operating, physically injuring or chemically injuring, while the endogenous muscle atrophy models are mainly established by the transgenic animals of amyotrophic lateral sclero-sis. The selection and optimazation of animal models are crucial for the basic studies of denervated skeletal muscle atro-phy.

Objective To explore the effects and mechanism of electroacupuncture(EA)on denervation-induced atrophy. Methods A total of 21 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham group(n=7),model group(n=7)and EA group (n=7).The latter two groups were cut off their right sciatic nerve.Since one day after modeling,EA group accept-ed electroacupuncture at right Zusanli(ST36)and Huantiao(GB30)for eight weeks.Then,the gastrocnemius of all the rats were obtained,and measured the wet mass ratio.Cross-sectional area(CSA)and fiber diameter were measured after HE staining. The expression of autophagy-related gene ULK1, Atg13, Beclin1, Atg14, Atg7, Atg12,Atg5 and Atg16L1 were tested with reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Compared with the sham group,the wet mass ratio,CSA and fiber diameter of gastrocnemius were lower signifi-cantly in the model group and EA group(P<0.001),and they were more in EA group than in the model group(P<0.05).Compared with the sham group,the mRNA expression of ULK1,Atg13,Beclin1,Atg14,Atg7,Atg12,Atg5 and Atg16L1 was more significantly in the model group (P<0.001), and they decreased in EA group compared with those of the model group(P<0.05). Conclusion Electroacupuncture can inhibit the overexpression of autophagy-related gene in denervated rats,which may steady skeletal muscle cells to delay atrophy.

Objective· To assess the clinical outcome of catheter ablation guided by remote magnetic navigation(RMN) for ventricular arrhythmias (Vas) including ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular premature complex (PVC) originating from ouflow tract (OT). Methods · A total of 42 patients with idiopathic VT/PVC originated from outflow tract were enrolled. All the patients underwent catheter ablation guided by RMN and 3D Carto mapping system. OT-Vas were divided into two groups:right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT) group and left ventricular outflow tract(LVOT) group. Vas arising from LVOT were mapped and ablated by transaortic retrograde and/or transseptal puncture approaches. The primary study endpoint was acute success rate. The secondary study endpoints were procedure-related parameters, including operator X ray time, ablation time, procedure time and complications. Vas recurrence was detected by Holter electrocardiograph (ECG) which was followed-up at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after ablation. Results · 74% (31/42) Vas arised from RVOT. 93% (39/42) OT-Vas were achieved acute success. The acute success rate was not different between Vas from RVOT and LVOT (30/31 vs 9/11,P=0.160).Compared to LVOT group,the ablation time and fluoroscopic time of RVOT group were significantly reduced s by 31%(P=0.020) and by 33% (P=0.004). There was no major complication in two groups. Within the 11 cases of LVOT-Vas, 4 LVOT-Vas cases which were ablated by tansaortic retrograde with failure were transferred to transseptal approach and ablated successfully. At one-year follow-up, frequent PVCs recurred in 2 out of 39 patients with acute success. Conclusion · Catheter ablation using RMN for OT-Vas is safe and effective with relatively short operator's X-ray time. For LVOT-Vas, mapping and ablation guided by RMN through transseptal approach can improve the acute success rate.

Buffaloes ; Cells, Cultured ; In Vitro Techniques ; Primary Cell Culture ; Stem Cells ; Tretinoin

Currently, the systems for culturing buffalo spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in vitro are varied, and their effects are still inconclusive. In this study, we compared the effects of culture systems with undefined (foetal bovine serum) and defined (KnockOut Serum Replacement) materials on the in vitro culture of buffalo SSC-like cells. Significantly more DDX4- and UCHL1-positive cells (cultured for 2 days at passage 2) were observed in the defined materials culture system than in the undefined materials system (p < 0.01), and these cells were maintained for a longer period than those in the culture system with undefined materials (10 days vs. 6 days). Furthermore, NANOS2 (p < 0.05), DDX4 (p < 0.01) and UCHL1 (p < 0.05) were expressed at significantly higher levels in the culture system with defined materials than in that with undefined materials. Induction with retinoic acid was used to verify that the cultured cells maintained SSC characteristics, revealing an SCP3⁺ subset in the cells cultured in the defined materials system. The expression levels of Stra8 (p < 0.05) and Rec8 (p < 0.01) were significantly increased, and the expression levels of ZBTB16 (p < 0.01) and DDX4 (p < 0.05) were significantly decreased. These findings provided a clearer research platform for exploring the mechanism of buffalo SSCs in vitro.

Currently, the systems for culturing buffalo spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in vitro are varied, and their effects are still inconclusive. In this study, we compared the effects of culture systems with undefined (foetal bovine serum) and defined (KnockOut Serum Replacement) materials on the in vitro culture of buffalo SSC-like cells. Significantly more DDX4- and UCHL1-positive cells (cultured for 2 days at passage 2) were observed in the defined materials culture system than in the undefined materials system (p < 0.01), and these cells were maintained for a longer period than those in the culture system with undefined materials (10 days vs. 6 days). Furthermore, NANOS2 (p < 0.05), DDX4 (p < 0.01) and UCHL1 (p < 0.05) were expressed at significantly higher levels in the culture system with defined materials than in that with undefined materials. Induction with retinoic acid was used to verify that the cultured cells maintained SSC characteristics, revealing an SCP3⁺ subset in the cells cultured in the defined materials system. The expression levels of Stra8 (p < 0.05) and Rec8 (p < 0.01) were significantly increased, and the expression levels of ZBTB16 (p < 0.01) and DDX4 (p < 0.05) were significantly decreased. These findings provided a clearer research platform for exploring the mechanism of buffalo SSCs in vitro.

OBJECTIVESTo explore the possible biological mechanism of skeletal muscle contusion repair through researching the changes in expression of autophagy-related genes and proteins in SD rats with acute skeletal muscle contusion.

METHODSSix rats were randomly selected as the control group from 30 male SD rats, acute skeletal muscle contusion model were established in the remaining 24 rats with self-made hitter, then the model rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 14 d groups, =6). On the 3, 5, 7 and 14 day after injury, injured gastrocnemius of each group was harvested. The morphological and the ultra-microstructure changes of gastrocnemius after injury were observed by HE staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM) respectively. The relative protein levels of (LC3-Ⅱ) and P62 of each group were observed by Western blot. The relative mRNA levels of atg7, atg10, atg12, atg16L1 of each group were observed by RTPCR.

RESULTSThe results of HE staining showed that compared with the control group, the inflammation reached its peak on the 5 day after injury, new muscle fibers were clearly observed in 7 d group. The results of TEM showed that, compared with the control group, oncotic mitochondria could be clearly seen in the 3 d, 5 d, 7 d groups. Also, the Z line changed from disappearing to drift thickening, sarcoplasmic reticulum dilatation gradually improved, there was no evident difference between the 14 d group and the control group, suggesting that the damage has preliminarily healed. The results of Western blot showed that the expressions of LC3-Ⅱand P62 were increased at first and then decreased. The expression of LC3-Ⅱwas markedly up-regulated in the 3 d, 5 d, 7 d groups compared with the control group and the 14 d group (<0.01). Similarly, compared with the control group, the expression of P62 reached its peak on the 3 day after injury (<0. 01), and returned to normal level on the 14 day. The results of RT-PCR showed that the expression of atg10 mRNA in the natural recovery group of 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 14 d was firstly decreased and then increased, the atg10 mRNA was markedly down-regulated in the 3 d, 5 d, 7 d groups compared with the control group and the 14 d group (<0. 01). The expression of atg7, atg12, atg16L1 mRNA was generally increased at first and then decreased, it was markedly up-regulated in the 3 d, 5 d, 7 d groups compared with the control group and the 14 d group (<0.01, <0.05, <0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe above results indicate that the autophagy is involved in repair of skeletal muscle injury by its autophagyrelated factors,regularly changes after contusion, and the rate of damage repair may be related to the level of autophagy.

Animals ; Autophagy ; Contusions ; physiopathology ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal ; injuries ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective:To explore the effect and mechanism of Tuina on denervated skeletal muscle atrophy. Methods:A total of 77 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group (n = 7), model group (n = 35) and Tuina group (n = 35). The latter two groups were established skeletal muscle atrophy model by exposing and cutting off the common tibial nerve of rats. One day after modeling, the lower limbs of the surgical side received Tuina in Tuina group. Separately, the surgical side of gastrocnemius muscle were sampled on the 0th, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th^{day after modeling, and measured the wet mass ratio. The cross-sectional area and diameter of muscle fiber were measured after HE staining. The mRNA expression of autophagy-realated factor Beclin-1, vacuolar protein sorting (Vps34) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) were tested with reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results:There was no statistical difference in the ratio of gastrocnemius wet weight, the cross-sectional area and diameter of muscle fiber, and the mRNA expression of Beclin-1, Vps34 and LC3 among three groups on the 0th day (F < 1.321, P > 0.05). Compared with the sham group, the ratio of gastrocnemius wet weight, the cross-sectional area and diameter of muscle fiber decreased at different time points in the model group and Tuina group (P < 0.05), the ratio of gastrocnemius wet weight was higher, and the cross-sectional area and diameter of muscle fiber were bigger, both except on the 21st day, in Tuina group than in the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the sham group, the mRNA expression of Beclin-1, Vps34 and LC3 increased at different points in the model group than in Tuina group (P < 0.05), and all the mRNA expression was higher, except on the 14th day, in Tuina group than in the model group (P < 0.05). The ratio of gastrocnemius wet weight, the cross-sectional area and diameter of muscle fiber showed a trend of progressive decrease with time in the model group and Tuina group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Beclin-1 and Vps34 increased (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression of LC3 increased in the model group 21 days after intervention (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Beclin-1, Vps34 and LC3 increased first and then decreased, except the mRNA expression on the 14th day in Tuina group (P < 0.05). Conclusion:Tuina may promote the activation of autophagy by up-regulating the expression of autophagy-realated factor Beclin-1, Vps34 and LC3, remove the damaged organelles and proteins, provide certain synthetic substrate and energy for muscle fiber regeneration, thereby reduce the loss of degree of denervated skeletal muscle atrophy.}

Objective: To evaluate the burden and to describe the characteristics of spatial distribution caused by malignant tumors among different administrative areas in Guangzhou from 2010- 2013. Methods: Based on data from the Cancer Registry system and population in Guangzhou in 2010- 2013, disability-adjusted life year (DALY) was assessed on the disease burden of cancer, in accordance with the method used in the Global Burden of Disease study. Results: The crude incidence rates of cancer appeared as 256.22/10⁵ in 2010-2011 and 270.04/10⁵ in 2012-2013, with the crude mortality rates as 143.17/10⁵ and 148.01/10⁵, respectively, in Guangzhou. Cancers caused 606 238.95 DALYs in 2010-2011 and 623 763.80 DALYs in 2012-2013 for both sexes and 37.63 and 37.81 person year per 1 000 persons, with the standardized DALY rates as 34.51‰, 34.00‰ respectively. Three administrative districts (Yuexiu, Haizhu and Liwan) were with the largest disease burden of cancers that accounted for 45% of the DALYs for the whole Conghua district, with liver cancer was the leading cancer on DALYs, and tracheal, bronchus and lung cancer ranked the first in the other districts. Conclusions In Guangzhou, disease burden caused by cancers was both prominently seen in the newly developed urban area and the old districts. It remains an arduous task to continue programs on control and prevention of cancers in this city.