INTRODUCTIONThe physiological changes that occur in menopause alter sexual function and affect well-being. Hormonal changes contribute significantly to reduced sexual function in older women and sexual dysfunction may well be amenable to treatment with exogenous hormones or other agents.

MATERIALS AND METHODSRelevant clinical studies were identified by a computerised literature search. The collated data were presented to fellow gynaecologists for review, analysis of results and discussion in a series of meetings dedicated to finding the best evidence in menopause management. The evidence was assessed and used to prepare guidelines around the management of women who are affected by sexual dysfunction in menopause.

RESULTSHormone therapy benefits many women who have dyspareunia related to vaginal atrophy, reduced libido and decreased satisfaction, particularly if these symptoms adversely affect their quality of life. Alternative agents such as tibolone and sildenafil citrate can be useful adjuncts.

CONCLUSIONSIt is increasingly important to recognise postmenopausal sexual dysfunction. Treatment of this syndrome must be individualised to the specific complaints of each woman. Hormones and other agents are relevant treatment options for properly-selected women.

Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological ; etiology ; therapy ; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological ; etiology ; therapy

INTRODUCTIONCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and morbidity among postmenopausal women, and oestrogen deficiency may be an important factor in its development. The role of oestrogen replacement in preventing cardiovascular disease is controversial. The aim of this descriptive review is to analyse the available data and to recommend evidence-based practice guidelines pertaining to hormone therapy in the context of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health.

MATERIALS AND METHODSRelevant clinical trials were identified by computerised literature search. The collated data were presented to fellow gynaecologists for review, analysis of results and discussion in a series of meetings dedicated to finding the best evidence in menopause management. The evidence was used to formulate clinical practice guidelines for the management of women with significant cardiovascular risk factors.

RESULTSEvidence from animal studies and observational trials supported a cardio-protective effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy. More recent randomised clinical trial data have shown no significant reduction of coronary heart disease, and have confirmed a higher incidence of stroke and venous thromboembolism.

CONCLUSIONSThe evidence is widely divergent regarding postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular risk. More consistent data are available reporting an increased risk in the incidence of venous thromboembolism and stroke. It is important to be clear about the indications of hormone use and to utilise alternative modalities to promote cardiovascular health in the postmenopausal population.

Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; prevention & control ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; prevention & control ; Estrogens ; deficiency ; metabolism ; Female ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; Practice Guidelines as Topic