BACKGROUND. Chronic rhino-sinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses, especially after virus infections. It has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. We aimed to evaluate the clinical value of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) forpediatric chronic rhino-sinusitis. METHODS. 30 patients 6-15 years old with CRS were divided into two groups: T1 were treated twice a week and T2 were treated five times a week for 2 treatment sessions within 2 weeks. Laser irradiation was delivered on 12 points over each maxillary and frontal sinuses with 30 seconds and the total treatment duration was 180 seconds. The evaluation was performed by a total symptom score based on SNOT-22 questionnaires of pre and after treatments. RESULTS. The total symptom scoreimproved significantly (p<0.15) in 27 cases. CONCLUSION. This study indicates that LLLT applied for 4 weeks improves symptoms in patients with CRS. LLLT is one of the most cost-efficient and painless treatment methods for pediatric rhino-sinusitis.

Introduction: In the United States, Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is considered one of the top five pathogens causing domestically acquired foodborne diseases and is responsible for an estimate of 241,000 illnesses per year. Foods that have been frequently implicated in Staphylococcal food-borne disease are meat, meat products, egg products, milk, dairy products, salads and bakery products. β-lactam antibiotics are routinely prescribed for treating S. aureus caused infections, but antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate. Aim: Detection of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in S.aureus isolated from retail beef Materials and Methods : A total of 100 meat samples were collected from markets including Kharkhorin 28, Bars 4, Bayanzurkh 15, Huchit shonkhor 33, Denjiin myanga 4 and Bumbugur 16. S.aureus strains were determined on the basis of MNS 6308:2012 standard using Baird-Parker selective agar and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in retail beefs. Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents determined by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Overall, 81% meat samples were contaminated with staphylococcal of which 54.3% were low, 28% were moderate, 11.1% were high and 6.1% were very high. PCR amplification of the thermostable nuclease-encoding nuc gene using the gene-specific primers and the chromosomal DNA preparation yielded a 270 bp amplicon, as expected and 35 (43.2%) confirmed as S. aureus. According to the findings of the current study, S.aureus strains isolated from the beef were high resistant (88.6% -97.1%) to antibiotics of penicillins group and low resistant (8.6%) to chloramphenicol. In total, 48.6% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Conclusion The contamination of staphylococcal was high in retail beef in Ulaanbaatar. Most S.aureus isolates exhibited resistance to a antibiotics of penicillin group. The half of the isolates were multidrug resistant and high virulence.

Background: Vitamins are nutrients essential for human health. They act as coenzymes that help trigger important chemical reactions necessary for energy production. Reference values for vitamins help physicians evaluate the health status of patients and make clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the mean values and reference intervals for some water-soluble vitamins of Mongolian adults. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty healthy adults (170 males and 170 females) of 17 to 69 years of age were selected for the study based on CLSI C28-P3 criteria Defining, establishing & Verifying reference interval in the clinical laboratory; Proposed Guidelines. The study was approved by the Resolution No.76 of 2018 of the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health. Informed consents were taken from the selected individuals. Morning blood samples of the participants were collected under aseptic conditions. Levels of vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C were measured using a high performance liquid chromatography method. The lower- and upper reference limits were defined as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel programs. Results: The mean blood level of vitamin C was 11.88 mg/L (95% CI 10.47-13.29) for men and 9.62 mg/L (95% CI 8.11-11.13) for women. The calculated reference interval for males was 1.40-19.40 mg/L and 1.17-18.04 mg/L for females. The mean concentration of vitamin B₁₂ in the blood of males was 938.45 ng/L (95% CI 747.22-1129.68) and that of females was 864.03 ng/L (95% CI 603.81-1124.25). The reference interval for vitamin B₁₂ was 233.03-1597.00 ng/L in men and 132.45-1623.86 ng/L in women. The mean level of vitamin B₉ was 8.47 ng/mL (95% CI 5.64-11.30) for men and 6.91 ng/mL (95% CI 4.89-8.93) for women. The calculated reference interval for this vitamin in males was 1.04-24.74 ng/mL and that in females was 1.04-21.46 ng/mL. As for vitamin B₆, the mean concentration for men was 44.42 ng/mL (95% CI 37.01-51.83) and for women was 34.67 ng/mL (95% CI 29.97-39.39) with the reference intervals of 5.90-79.02 ng/mL for men and 5.27-61.72 ng/mL for women. Conclusion The reference values for vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C of Mongolian adults do not differ significantly from those observed in other populations. The calculated reference intervals can be used in the practice of health laboratories.