BACKGROUND. Chronic rhino-sinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses, especially after virus infections. It has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. We aimed to evaluate the clinical value of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) forpediatric chronic rhino-sinusitis. METHODS. 30 patients 6-15 years old with CRS were divided into two groups: T1 were treated twice a week and T2 were treated five times a week for 2 treatment sessions within 2 weeks. Laser irradiation was delivered on 12 points over each maxillary and frontal sinuses with 30 seconds and the total treatment duration was 180 seconds. The evaluation was performed by a total symptom score based on SNOT-22 questionnaires of pre and after treatments. RESULTS. The total symptom scoreimproved significantly (p<0.15) in 27 cases. CONCLUSION. This study indicates that LLLT applied for 4 weeks improves symptoms in patients with CRS. LLLT is one of the most cost-efficient and painless treatment methods for pediatric rhino-sinusitis.

Introduction: In the United States, Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is considered one of the top five pathogens causing domestically acquired foodborne diseases and is responsible for an estimate of 241,000 illnesses per year. Foods that have been frequently implicated in Staphylococcal food-borne disease are meat, meat products, egg products, milk, dairy products, salads and bakery products. β-lactam antibiotics are routinely prescribed for treating S. aureus caused infections, but antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate. Aim: Detection of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in S.aureus isolated from retail beef Materials and Methods : A total of 100 meat samples were collected from markets including Kharkhorin 28, Bars 4, Bayanzurkh 15, Huchit shonkhor 33, Denjiin myanga 4 and Bumbugur 16. S.aureus strains were determined on the basis of MNS 6308:2012 standard using Baird-Parker selective agar and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in retail beefs. Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents determined by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Overall, 81% meat samples were contaminated with staphylococcal of which 54.3% were low, 28% were moderate, 11.1% were high and 6.1% were very high. PCR amplification of the thermostable nuclease-encoding nuc gene using the gene-specific primers and the chromosomal DNA preparation yielded a 270 bp amplicon, as expected and 35 (43.2%) confirmed as S. aureus. According to the findings of the current study, S.aureus strains isolated from the beef were high resistant (88.6% -97.1%) to antibiotics of penicillins group and low resistant (8.6%) to chloramphenicol. In total, 48.6% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Conclusion The contamination of staphylococcal was high in retail beef in Ulaanbaatar. Most S.aureus isolates exhibited resistance to a antibiotics of penicillin group. The half of the isolates were multidrug resistant and high virulence.

Background: Currently, colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. CRC frequently metastasizes to the liver (50%), lungs (10–15%), peritoneum (4%), bones (10.7%–23.7%), brain (0.3%–6%), and spinal cord. Approximately 35% of CRC cases are diagnosed before distant metastasis, 36% upon lymph node involvement, and 23% after distant organ metastasis. Although several studies have established primary tumor models in mice in our country, there are limited studies on experimental lung metastasis models, prompting the need for this research. Aim: To establish and evaluate a lung metastasis model of colorectal cancer in C57BL/6J mice using the MC38 cell line. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mongolian National Uni versity of Medical Sciences. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Board of the Mongolian National Univer sity of Medical Sciences (2023/3-09) and all laboratory safety regulations and protocols were strictly followed. Male C57BL/6J mice bred at the Experimental Animal Center of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were used. MC38 murine colorectal carcinoma cells were cultured and injected intravenously (via the tail vein) at a concen tration of 0.25×10⁶ cells per mouse (n=12) to induce lung metastasis. Histological analysis was subsequently performed. Results: Histological examination revealed significant alterations in lung tissue architecture, characterized by areas of dense infiltration by pleomorphic, hyperchromatic cells, disrupting the normal alveolar structure. No histological abnor malities were observed in other organs. Conclusion Intravenous injection of MC38 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells into the tail vein of C57BL/6J mice success fully induced lung metastases, characterized by hyperchromatic, pleomorphic cell infiltrates forming glandular structures within the lung parenchyma.

Background: Vitamins are nutrients essential for human health. They act as coenzymes that help trigger important chemical reactions necessary for energy production. Reference values for vitamins help physicians evaluate the health status of patients and make clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the mean values and reference intervals for some water-soluble vitamins of Mongolian adults. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty healthy adults (170 males and 170 females) of 17 to 69 years of age were selected for the study based on CLSI C28-P3 criteria Defining, establishing & Verifying reference interval in the clinical laboratory; Proposed Guidelines. The study was approved by the Resolution No.76 of 2018 of the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health. Informed consents were taken from the selected individuals. Morning blood samples of the participants were collected under aseptic conditions. Levels of vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C were measured using a high performance liquid chromatography method. The lower- and upper reference limits were defined as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel programs. Results: The mean blood level of vitamin C was 11.88 mg/L (95% CI 10.47-13.29) for men and 9.62 mg/L (95% CI 8.11-11.13) for women. The calculated reference interval for males was 1.40-19.40 mg/L and 1.17-18.04 mg/L for females. The mean concentration of vitamin B₁₂ in the blood of males was 938.45 ng/L (95% CI 747.22-1129.68) and that of females was 864.03 ng/L (95% CI 603.81-1124.25). The reference interval for vitamin B₁₂ was 233.03-1597.00 ng/L in men and 132.45-1623.86 ng/L in women. The mean level of vitamin B₉ was 8.47 ng/mL (95% CI 5.64-11.30) for men and 6.91 ng/mL (95% CI 4.89-8.93) for women. The calculated reference interval for this vitamin in males was 1.04-24.74 ng/mL and that in females was 1.04-21.46 ng/mL. As for vitamin B₆, the mean concentration for men was 44.42 ng/mL (95% CI 37.01-51.83) and for women was 34.67 ng/mL (95% CI 29.97-39.39) with the reference intervals of 5.90-79.02 ng/mL for men and 5.27-61.72 ng/mL for women. Conclusion The reference values for vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C of Mongolian adults do not differ significantly from those observed in other populations. The calculated reference intervals can be used in the practice of health laboratories.

Introduction: 16% of the world's 8 billion people, or more than 1.3 billion, are people with special needs or people with disabilities. Of these, there are unofficial studies that show that there are about 650 million people with disabilities in Asian countries. [1] One of the most common problems faced by people with special needs is that disability service organizations, especially pharmacies, do not have access to complete information on their necessary medications.
According to the 2019 data of the National Statistics Committee [4] in our country, 3.4 percent of the total population or 107.6 thousand are citizens with special needs. Article 1.1 of the Law "On the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" [5] provides for the equal rights of persons with disabilities to participate in social relations, to ensure and implement them, to provide an accessible environment, to create conditions, housing, public buildings, roads, public transport, and information., communication technology is included as being accessible to people with disabilities. However, health and pharmacy services for people with special needs are very challenging.
The main basis of this research work is to make pharmacy services easier for people with special needs, especially people with speech, hearing, visual, mental, and motor disabilities, and to identify and solve problems. Methods: The research was carried out in a one-moment model. Based on the General Department of Development of People with Disabilities, data was collected by questionnaire using the minimum sample size calculation, which was calculated as 478 people per 1000 population. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS-23 software.
Our survey was conducted between November to December 1, 2022 using a snapshot model. Processing of results was carried out using survey data processing. Conclusion
1. According to the 2019 data of the National Statistics Committee, 3.4 percent or 107.6 thousand of the total population of our country are citizens with special needs. This information has not been updated for 2021-2022.
Out of a total of 478 people in the survey, 54% were male, while 42.8% of the respondents were 20-30 years old. 48.8% of citizens use pharmacies independently, 42.4% with the help of a guardian, and 8.8% of other citizens use pharmacies. The lack of understanding of drug information on prescription forms affects the physician's prescription, drug information, visual and hearing impairments, and misunderstandings.
2. People with speech, hearing, visual, mental, and motor disabilities face the biggest problem in using the pharmacy. Therefore, it is a priority to make certain innovative changes in order to make pharmacy operation* equal to citizens. These include: Prescription forms can be read using technology such as Qr and AR on the phone, delivering medication instructions and information in audio form to people with visual and mental disabilities, providing more clear and understandable information to people with speech and hearing disabilities identifying medications for people with visual impairments, and using drugs correctly. We believe that suggestions and solutions are needed, such as placing names and instructions in braille on product labeling and packaging, implementing stairs and doors for people in wheelchairs or with mobility impairments in accordance with standards in all buildings, and providing seats for stairwells between floors. In most cases, it takes 10-20 minutes for people with disabilities to visit a pharmacy. Some citizens are experiencing delays in services for up to an hour. It can be seen that spending a lot of time to visit a pharmacy is difficult for citizens.
In order to solve this problem, under the supervision of a manager and a pharmacist, a post-graduate student of "Pharmacy" of the "University of Pharmaceutical Sciences" should be created to provide advice and information to citizens and reduce the burden.