Through seven field surveys to the Kyeryoungsan National Park from July to December of the year 2001, 116 specimens of the Aphyllophorales were collected and taxonomically examined. All the specimens were identified to the species by observation of morphological and microscopic characters, along with old specimens from the Kyeryoungsan National Park of SFC herbarium. They amounted to 10 families, 37 genera and 52 species, and two species among them, Antrodia xantha and Ceriporia viridans, were confirmed as new to Korea and are described here as unrecorded species.
Antrodia ; Humans ; Korea ; Polyporales*

The wood decay fungi Antrodia P. Karst. play important ecological roles and have significant industrial and economic impacts as both wood degraders and sources of pharmaceutical and biotechnological products. Although each Antrodia species has distinct morphological characteristics, the misidentification rate is especially high due to their simple morphological characters. A combination of morphological and internal transcribed spacer region sequence analyses revealed that 27 of 89 specimens previously identified by morphology alone were correct, whereas 35 of these specimens were misidentified as other Antrodia species. We report here that seven Antrodia species exist in Korea (A. albida, A. heteromorpha, A. malicola, A. serialis, A. sinuosa, A. sitchensis, and A. xantha) and based on these specimens, we provide taxonomic descriptions of these species, except for A. serialis, which was only confirmed by isolate.
Antrodia* ; Fungi ; Korea ; Sequence Analysis ; Wood

An unrecorded Antrodia species was collected in South Korea and based on morphological characteristics, the species was identified as Antrodia sitchensis. To confirm its affinity within the polypores, the phylogenetic relationships of A. sitchensis and allied species were established using large subunit rDNA sequences.
Antrodia ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Korea ; Phylogeny ; Republic of Korea

To evaluate the establishment of Mungyong Saejae Natural Ecology Park located in the northwestern Gyongbuk Province, a scientific survey for the mushroom flora of the park was carried out from May to December of 1999. A checklist of the Aphyllophorales collected from the park was prepared. The list included 67 species of 44 genera belonging to nine families in the Aphyllophorales. Among them, seven species, Antrodia malicola, Ceriporia purpurea, Oligoporus leucospongia, Perenniporia tephropora, Phanerochaete xerophila, Sistotrema diademiferum and Vuilleminia comedens, were confirmed as new to Korea and are registered here as unrecorded species along with descriptions and microscopic drawings.
Agaricales ; Antrodia ; Checklist ; Ecology ; Humans ; Korea ; Phanerochaete ; Polyporales*

The present study is establish the quantitative analysis of multi-component with single marker for determining three anthroic acids, (25S)-antcin K, (25R)-antcin K and (25S)-antcin C in the petri dish cultured Antrodia camphorata. The relative correction factors of (25S)-antcin K and (25R)-antcin K were established by high performance liquid chromatography with (25S)-antcin C as the internal reference. Relative correction factors were used to calculate the contents of (25S)-antcin K and (25R)-antcin K which were difficult to gain in abundance. At the same time, the contents of these three compounds were determined by external standard method. Two methods were compared to evaluate the accuracy and rationality of the multi-components with single marker method in the determination of the petri dish cultured A. camphorate. It was found that the quantitative method of multi-component with single marker and external standard method showed no significant difference. In summary, taking (25S)-antcin C as the internal reference, the method of multi-component with single marker can be applied to the quantitative analysis of (25S)-antcin K and (25R)-antcin K in the petri dish cultured A. camphorata.
Antrodia ; chemistry ; Biomarkers ; analysis ; Cholestenes ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

To illustrate the complex fermentation process of submerged culture of Antrodia camphorata ATCC 200183, we observed the morphology change of this filamentous fungus. Then we used two optimization models namely response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to model the fermentation process of Antrodia camphorata. By genetic algorithm (GA), we optimized the inoculum size and medium components for Antrodia camphorata production. The results show that fitness and prediction accuracy of ANN model was higher when compared to those of RSM model. Using GA, we optimized the input space of ANN model, and obtained maximum biomass of 6.2 g/L at the GA-optimized concentrations of spore (1.76x 10(5) /mL) and medium components (glucose, 29.1 g/L; peptone, 9.3 g/L; and soybean flour, 2.8 g/L). The biomass obtained using the ANN-GA designed medium was (6.1+/-0.2) g/L which was in good agreement with the predicted value. The same optimization process may be used to improve the production of mycelia and bioactive metabolites from potent medicinal fungi by changing the fermentation parameters.
Algorithms ; Antrodia ; genetics ; metabolism ; Culture Media ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Mycelium ; metabolism ; Neural Networks (Computer)

Antrodia camphorata, a well-known and highly valued edible medicinal mushroom with intriguing activities like liver protection, has been traditionally used for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. A. camphorata shows highly medicinal and commercial values with the demand far exceeds the available supply. Thus, the petri-dish cultured A. camphorata (PDCA) is expected to develope as a substitute. In this paper, nineteen triterpenes were isolated from PDCA, and thirteen of them were the unique anthroic acids in A. camphorata, including the main content antcin K, which suggested that PDCA produced a large array of the same anthroic acids as the wild one. Furthermore, no obvious acute toxicity was found suggesting the edible safety of PDCA. In mice alcohol-induced liver injury model, triglyceride (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) had been reduced by the PDCA powder as well as the main content antcin K, which indicated that the PDCA could protect alcoholic liver injury in mice model and antcin K could be the effective component responsible for the hepatoprotective activities of PDCA against alcoholic liver diseases.
Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Animals ; Antrodia ; chemistry ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; blood ; Biological Products ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Cholestenes ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Cholesterol, VLDL ; blood ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ethanol ; toxicity ; Female ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal ; chemistry ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic ; prevention & control ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Mice ; Molecular Structure ; Triglycerides ; blood ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Antrodia cinnamomea on gene expression related to aortal endothelial injury of rats with hyperlipidemia.

METHODFifty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: the normal control group (NG), the model group (MG), the antrodia cinnamomea groups of low, middle and high doses (AC-LG, AC-MG, AC-HG, 250, 500, 1 000 mg x kg(-1)). The rats were fed with high-fat diets to establish the hyperlipidemia model. After the drug administration for 10 weeks, their serum lipid, SOD, MDA and ox-LDL, LOX-1, P38 MAPK and NF-kappaB mRNA and protein expression were respectively determined, and the aortal endothelial injury was observed under electron microscope.

RESULTIn the model group, the contents of TC, TG and LDL-C significant increased (P < 0.01), whereas the content of HDL-C significant decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, both the AC-M group and the AC-H group showed reduction in endothelial injury and significant decrease in the content of TC, TG and LDL-C (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The content of HDL-C increased, but with no significant difference. SOD activity in serum remarkably increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), MDA and ox-LDL levels dramatically decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONA. cinnamomea can alleviate endothelial lipid injury by inhibiting the expressions of LOX-1, P38MAPK and NF-kappaB in aorta and better protect aortal endothelial cells from oxidative lipid injury.

Animals ; Antrodia ; chemistry ; Aorta ; drug effects ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Atherosclerosis ; blood ; genetics ; prevention & control ; Biological Products ; pharmacology ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; Endothelium, Vascular ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Gene Expression ; drug effects ; Hyperlipidemias ; blood ; genetics ; prevention & control ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; blood ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Microscopy, Electron ; NF-kappa B ; blood ; genetics ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Scavenger Receptors, Class E ; blood ; genetics ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; Triglycerides ; blood ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; blood ; genetics ; metabolism