BACKGROUND/AIMS: NSAIDs induce gut damage throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract and bacterial translocation. The aim of this study was to examine if administration of glutamine was able to prevent the NSAID-induced gut damages and bacterial translocation in the animal models. METHODS: Rats were utilized into 5 groups; control group, diclofenac group, and diclofenac with glutamine 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 g/kg/day group. The animals with glutamine were fed with L-glutamine for 4 days before diclofenac administration. Gut injury was induced by administration of a single dose of diclofenac (80 mg/kg orally). Intestinal permeability (24 hour urinary excretion of phenolsulfonphthalein), enteric aerobic bacterial counts, serum biochemical profiles and bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and spleen were measured. RESULTS: Diclofenac caused the increase in intestinal permeability, enteric bacterial count, enteric protein and albumin loss and bacterial translocation. Administration of glutamine reduced the increase in intestinal permeability, protein losing enteropathy, enteric bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation induced by diclofenac. CONCLUSIONS: Glutamine may have beneficial effects on NSAID-induced gut damage and bacterial translocation.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*pharmacology/toxicity ; Bacterial Translocation/*drug effects ; Diclofenac/*pharmacology/toxicity ; English Abstract ; Glutamine/*pharmacology ; Intestines/drug effects/*microbiology ; Male ; Rats

To further understand triptolide, this paper has introduced the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, the clinic application and semi-synthesis of triptolide on basis of importance and significant contents of reference which have been consulted in the past twenty years. Presently triptolide and Tripterygium wilfordii have been a hot spot of modernization of Chinese traditional medicine. It is very important to develop a new dosage form of high effect and low toxicity by making use of advanced technology according to its characteristics.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating ; pharmacology ; Antispermatogenic Agents ; pharmacology ; Diterpenes ; chemical synthesis ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Epoxy Compounds ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; pharmacology ; Phenanthrenes ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Tripterygium ; chemistry

To further understand sinomenine, this paper has introduced the abstract technology, assaying, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacological action, pharmacotoxicology, pharmacokinetics and clinical application of sinomenine based on the important and significant contents of reference which have been consulted in the past ten years. Sinomenine is a kind of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with very effective and little side effect and expected it as a good new drug withdrawal medicine in the future.
Animals ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents ; pharmacology ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Antirheumatic Agents ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Morphinans ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sinomenium ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the pharmacodynamics and toxicicity of the major bioactive components extracted and purified from Radix Paeoniae Alba and Rhizoma Curcumae Longae using Amberlite XAD-1600 resin.

METHODSAmberlite XAD-1600 was used to purify the bioactive components from the crude 75% ethanol extracts of the two herbs. The pharmacodynamic and toxic effects of the crude extracts and extract purified using XAD-1600 resin were comparatively examined with two acute inflammatory models, two pain models and acute toxicity test in vivo.

RESULTSThe anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the purified extract were significant stronger with lower toxicity than those of the crude ethanol extract.

CONCLUSIONAmberlite XAD-1600 resin allows efficient extraction and purification of the bioactive components from the two herbs.

Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Curcuma ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Resins, Synthetic ; chemistry

Survey on research and development of Fructus Gardeniae in the recent 10 years. Gardenia yellow has been used for food colorent, medicine, feedingstuff and cosmetic. Garnedia blue has been used for developing another pigment with red and yellow. Fructus Gardeniae has been used in digestive system for cholecyst constracting and gall-stone eliminating, for declining peroxide on SAP mouse and increasing immune ability, for protecting liver against cancel, anti-acetylcholinic restraining on stomach enginery, in cardiovascular system it has been used for centrally anti-hypertension, preventing atheroma and thrombus, also Fructus Gardeniae has been used for anti-inflammation, treating parenchyma injure etc. Geniposide used for increasing production in agriculture has wider perspect.
Analgesics ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Antihypertensive Agents ; pharmacology ; Bile ; secretion ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Food Coloring Agents ; toxicity ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Gardenia ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Gastric Acid ; secretion ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; toxicity ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

The selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors might inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and reduce proteinuria. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-proteinuric effects of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) as compared with celecoxib in puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrosis rats. Fifty five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; A, normal control; B, PAN group; C, PAN+COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) group; and D, PAN+5-LOX inhibitor (NDGA) group. After induction of PAN nephrosis through repeated injections of PAN (7.5 and 15 mg/100 g body weight), rats were treated with celecoxib, NDGA, or vehicle for 2 weeks. Twenty four hour urine protein excretions were significantly lower in PAN+celecoxib and PAN+NDGA groups than in PAN group. Serum creatinine (SCr) concentrations and 24 hr urine creatinine clearances (CCr) were not significantly different in the four groups. Electron microscopy showed that podocyte morphology was changed after the induction of PAN nephrosis and was recovered after celecoxib or NDGA administration. Celecoxib significantly recovered the expressions of nephrin, CD2AP, COX-2, and TGF-beta. NDGA also recovered TGF-betaexpression, but did not alter the expressions of nephrin, CD2AP and COX-2. The present study suggested that celecoxib and NDGA might effectively reduce proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome without impairing renal function.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology ; Body Weight ; Creatinine/blood ; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Nephrosis/*chemically induced/drug therapy ; Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid/*pharmacology ; Podocytes/metabolism ; Puromycin Aminonucleoside/pharmacology/*toxicity ; Pyrazoles/*pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sulfonamides/*pharmacology ; Time Factors

Endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists have been developed to produce a reduction of ET related effects in various diseases, as well as in animal models of airway inflammation. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of bosentan on a rat model of emphysema. Thirty Wistar male rats were classified as control group (group 1), intratracheally (i.t.) instilled with saline, treated with vehicle solution; elastase group (group 2), i.t. instilled with porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE), treated with vehicle solution; and PPE+bosentan group (group 3), i.t. instilled with PPE, treated with bosentan. The levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue, cell counts in BALF, and histologic analysis of all groups were evaluated. Neutrophile granulocytes (NG) and alveolar macrophages (AM) were increased more in group 2 than in group 1 (P<0.001, P=0.04, respectively). Compared with group 2, neutrophil granulocyte (NG) and alveolar macrophages (AM) counts were decreased in group 3 (P< 0.001). Histological examination confirmed a diffuse neutrophilic inflammation and irregular alveolar air space enlargement in group 2. Treatment with bosentan partially reduced the enlarged lung volumes. Compared with group 1, the BALF levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and the lung tissue levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 were increased in group 2 (P=0.028, P=0.005, P=0.001, P=0.019, P<0.001, respectively). The TNF-alpha and IL-8 levels of BALF (P=0.007, P=0.001, respectively), and the TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and the IL-8 levels of lung tissue (P=0.031, P=0.017, P=0.007, P<0.001) were decreased in group 3 compared to group 2. In conclusion, bosentan decreased the inflammatory response by reducing numbers of inflammatory cells and proinflammatory cytokines.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology/immunology ; Cytokines/*biosynthesis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Emphysema/*drug therapy/etiology/immunology/pathology ; Inflammation Mediators/metabolism ; Lung/drug effects/immunology/pathology ; Male ; Pancreatic Elastase/administration & dosage/toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Endothelin/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Sulfonamides/*pharmacology