Anti-Infective Agents ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Sinusitis ; drug therapy

Primary surgical infections are the second most common cause of surgical admission and contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality of surgical patients in developing countries. This study aimed to determine a bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in primary surgical infections. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study including 150 patients diagnosed clinically as primary surgical infections. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done on the isolates using the disc diffusion method. Results: Positive cultures were obtained from 122 patients; Gram-positive bacteria were responsible for 48% (n = 59), Gram-negative for 39% (n = 48), mixed flora for 10% (n = 12) and Candida for 2% (n = 3) of primary surgical infections. The alarming finding was that 78% of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to oxacillin (MRSA) and 83% resistant to cephalosporins, whilst 3 isolates showed intermediate resistance to vancomycin. Gram-negative isolates also demonstrated antibiotic resistance. Conclusions: This study provides recent baseline data both on the bacterial profile and the antibiotic susceptibility patterns in primary surgical infections in the Papua New Guinean setting and it should guide therapeutic policies in the country. There is a growing need for surveillance of the local microbiological epidemiology and for antimicrobial stewardship to ensure that the empirical use of antibiotics is appropriate.
Bacterial diseases/Diagnosis ; Anti-infective agents/Therapeutic use

No abstract available.
Anti-Infective Agents/*therapeutic use ; Fatty Alcohols/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Osteoarthritis/*drug therapy

OBJECTIVE: Sepsis is a deadly infection that causes injury to tissues and organs. Infection and anti-infective treatment are the eternal themes of sepsis. The successful control of infection is a key factor of resuscitation for sepsis and septic shock. This review examines evidence for the treatment of sepsis. This evidence is combined with clinical experiments to reveal the rules and a standard flowchart of anti-infection therapy for sepsis. DATA SOURCES: We retrieved information from the PubMed database up to October 2018 using various search terms and their combinations, including sepsis, septic shock, infection, antibiotics, and anti-infection. STUDY SELECTION: We included data from peer-reviewed journals printed in English on the relationships between infections and antibiotics. RESULTS: By combining the literature review and clinical experience, we propose a 6Rs rule for sepsis and septic shock management: right patients, right time, right target, right antibiotics, right dose, and right source control. This rule encompasses rational decisions regarding the timing of treatment, the identification of the correct pathogen, the selection of appropriate antibiotics, the formulation of a scientifically based antibiotic dosage regimen, and the adequate control of infectious foci. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights how to recognize and treat sepsis and septic shock and provides rules and a standard flowchart for anti-infection therapy for sepsis and septic shock for use in the clinical setting.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; PubMed ; Sepsis ; drug therapy ; Shock, Septic ; drug therapy

A total of 62 leprosy patients, 47 lepromatous type, 9 tuberculoid, 5 borderline group and 1 indeterminate group, have been treated with a synthesized thiocarbanilide L-4, and the effectiveness of L-4 administration in the treatment of leprosy is evaluated on the basis of clinical and bacteriological improvements. The results are summarized and conc1uded as follows; 1. L-4, contained in gelatin capsule, can be safely administered orally to the patients through slow induction, from initial dosages of 50 mg to 100 mg dai1y to the therapeutic maintenance levels of 200 mg to 300 mg daily, for a period of time. 2. L-4 administration has brought apparent and remarkable improvement in clinical symptoms of the patients after a relatively short period of medication compared with that of DDS administration. 3. Changes of SFG values caused by L-4 administration were much speedier than, (or, at least, equivalent to) the effect caused by DDS. The changes of SFG values, in general, synchronized fairly well with clinical improvement of the patients. 4. Lepromatous cases with leprosy reaction or sulfone allergy responded well to L-4 medication with remarkable clinical improvement, and prolonged administration of L-4 did not provoke such a precipitating action to leprosy reaction as did DDS.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Anilides/chemical synthesis ; Anilides/therapeutic use* ; Anti-Infective Agents/chemical synthesis ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use* ; Child ; Female ; Human ; Leprosy/drug therapy* ; Male ; Middle Age ; Sulfur*

Anti-Infective Agents ; therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Male

Nowadays, it is necessary to emphasize the three basic inseparable elements in the treatment of severe burn infection, which are systemic care, burn wound care, and rational use of antimicrobials topically or systematically. Systemic care has been shifted from simple nutritional support to maintaining the systemic homeostasis, including balancing immune-inflammatory response, and protecting organs from dysfunction. Some work focused on regulating systemic immune response in the initial phase and the balance of inflammatory response after occurrence of severe burn infection have been reported. These results at least broaden our thinking to recognize that treatment should not only destroy microbes, but also balance the response of the body. Escharectomy in earlier phase has been a consensus. Currently, we turn our vision into how to use "damage control surgery (DCS)" concept in management of severe burn. DCS in burn care includes the evaluation of perioperative situation more accurate to make a more appropriate surgical decision. Meanwhile, an overall strategy should be established to confront the rapidly increasing drug resistance of the pathogens. The release of endotoxin after use of antimicrobials, which has been studied widely, should be explored further.
Anti-Infective Agents ; therapeutic use ; Burns ; complications ; therapy ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; therapy

Anti-Infective Agents ; therapeutic use ; Bacterial Infections ; drug therapy ; Child ; Humans

Anti-Infective Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Dental Plaque ; therapy ; Humans ; Periodontal Diseases ; drug therapy

Indocyanine Green/therapeutic use* ; Photochemotherapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Anti-Infective Agents