Tumor PET imaging with radiopharmaceuticals plays a major role in the understanding of tumor biological information and for diagnosis of tumorswith non-invasive methods. These radiopharmaceuticals can be divided into two categories radiopharmaceuticals for metabolic process imaging and for specific receptor imaging. Most tumor imaging radiopharmaceuticals such as [18F]FDG, [18F]FLT, and [11C]choline can be trapped in tumor cells by specific metabolic processes of each radiopharmaceutical and show an increase in metabolism of tumor regions. Unlike these compounds, the hypoxia imaging adiopharmaceuticals such as [18F]FMISO and [64Cu]ATSM are trapped by oxidative metabolic mechanisms under only hypoxic conditions of tumor cells. For tumor specific receptor imaging, [18F]FES for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer may be used and recent clinical results showed the possibility of evaluating tumor therapy responseby estrogen receptor imaging with [18F]FES. This paper gives an overview of the current status of tumor PET imaging adiopharmaceuticals and the development of new lead compounds as potential radiopharmaceuticals by medicinal chemistry.
Anoxia ; Breast Neoplasms ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Diagnosis ; Estrogens ; Metabolism ; Radiopharmaceuticals*

We define acute respiratory failure(ARF) as present whenever the ratio of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and inspired oxygen concentrarion(FiO2) is below the normal predicted range for the patient's age and/or the arterial carbon dioxide tension(PaCO2) is above 45 in the absence of respiratory compention for metabolic alkalosis. Adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) which is associated with shock, trauma, infection, inhalation of toxic gas, aspiration of gastric content and drugs etc, first received wide-spread attention in 1967. ARDS is a descriptive term that is characterized by a combination of refractory hypoxemia and severly decreased lung compliance. Numerous specific incidents or illnesses may be complicated by, or associated with ARDS. Early diagnosis and improvement in physiological therapy including PEEP therapy have been successful in treating the early and mild episodes of ARDS. This report describes three cases of ARF following anesthesia and reviews the literature.
Adult ; Alkalosis ; Anesthesia* ; Anoxia ; Carbon Dioxide ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Lung Compliance ; Oxygen ; Respiratory Insufficiency* ; Shock

We have experienced one case of acute cardiac arrest occurred during removal of a foreign body in the esophagus in a 8 month old boy. We consider the cause of acute cardiac arrest in this patient as acute hypoxia and vagal reflex, and stress the importance of prompt diagnosis, extensive knowledge and correct and skillful resuscitation.
Anoxia ; Diagnosis ; Esophagus* ; Foreign Bodies* ; Heart Arrest* ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Reflex ; Resuscitation

Right ventricular (RV) infarction is a well-recognized complication of acute inferior myocardial infarction. Rightto-Left shunt through a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an unusual complication of acute RV myocardial infarction that can result in the development of severe hypoxemia. However, the diagnosis may not be easy without high index of suspicion and echocardiography combined with an echocardiographic contrast (agitated saline) is useful diagnostic imaging modality in this regard. We report a case of acute inferior myocardial infarction and RV infarction associated with unexplained hypoxemia. Contrast echocardiography detected a significant right to left shunt through patent foramen ovale, which considered as a cause of hypoxemia in this patient.
Anoxia* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Echocardiography* ; Foramen Ovale, Patent* ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Infarction

Oxygen therapy is clear benefit in the treatment of tissue hypoxia, but high concentrations and long term exposures of oxygen carry the risks of detrimental physiologic changes and tissue damages. Tissue damages involve decreased surfactant production,alveolar edema, and alveolar hemorrhage. In spite of these damage, diagnosis of oxygen toxicity is difficult in many clinical settings. In this study, we measured lung compliance to evaluate the oxygen toxicity in 60 white rat of 100-150 g body weight Rats were divided into 6 groups. Group I was control graup, exposed to room air, group II -group V were exposed to 100% oxygen, group II for 24 hours, group IlI for 48 hous, group IV for 72 hours, and group V for 96 hours. Group VI was exposed to oxygen in serial as 30% oxygen for 24 hours, 60% oxygen for 24 hours and then 100% oxygen for 96 hours. After oxygen exposure we obseved changes of lung compliance and pathologic findings, compliance of group V was 15.94 mL/cmH2O significantly lower than that of eontrol group (p<0.05) and lung weight of group V was 2.16 g/100 g heavier than the other groups (p<0.05). Although we found oxygen tolerance was developed in group V, we could not differentiate the degree of pathologic damage cauesd from oxygen toxicity by pathologic findings. We concluded that the measurement of lung compliance is valuable in diagnosis of oxygen toxicity and thus in reducing lung damages.
Animals ; Anoxia ; Body Weight ; Compliance ; Diagnosis ; Edema ; Hemorrhage ; Lung Compliance* ; Lung* ; Oxygen* ; Rats*

Oxygen therapy is clear benefit in the treatment of tissue hypoxia, but high concentrations and long term exposures of oxygen carry the risks of detrimental physiologic changes and tissue damages. Tissue damages involve decreased surfactant production,alveolar edema, and alveolar hemorrhage. In spite of these damage, diagnosis of oxygen toxicity is difficult in many clinical settings. In this study, we measured lung compliance to evaluate the oxygen toxicity in 60 white rat of 100-150 g body weight Rats were divided into 6 groups. Group I was control graup, exposed to room air, group II -group V were exposed to 100% oxygen, group II for 24 hours, group IlI for 48 hous, group IV for 72 hours, and group V for 96 hours. Group VI was exposed to oxygen in serial as 30% oxygen for 24 hours, 60% oxygen for 24 hours and then 100% oxygen for 96 hours. After oxygen exposure we obseved changes of lung compliance and pathologic findings, compliance of group V was 15.94 mL/cmH2O significantly lower than that of eontrol group (p<0.05) and lung weight of group V was 2.16 g/100 g heavier than the other groups (p<0.05). Although we found oxygen tolerance was developed in group V, we could not differentiate the degree of pathologic damage cauesd from oxygen toxicity by pathologic findings. We concluded that the measurement of lung compliance is valuable in diagnosis of oxygen toxicity and thus in reducing lung damages.
Animals ; Anoxia ; Body Weight ; Compliance ; Diagnosis ; Edema ; Hemorrhage ; Lung Compliance* ; Lung* ; Oxygen* ; Rats*

A case of parathion poisoning has been reported; in which the symptoms of hypoxia resulted from partial airway obstruction, however this was mistaken for parathion poisoning, and the correct diagnosis was proved by removal of hard blood clot in the bronchial bifurcation. Conclusions were as follows: Adquate administration of PAM and atropine presented impressive response of symptoms. 2. Careful and frequent removal of secretion might be the most important problem especially in this poisoning. 3. Massive administration of antibiotics could prevent pulmonary complications. 4. Pulmonary edema, the most common complication, was not present.
Airway Obstruction* ; Anoxia ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Atropine ; Diagnosis ; Paralysis* ; Parathion* ; Poisoning* ; Pulmonary Edema

Tension pneumothorax (PTx) was diagnosed in a preterm baby during surgery for tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). The PTx occurred around 90 minutes after skin incision, while the baby was breathing spontaneously with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (PPV) at low pressure. A sudden decrease in oxygen saturation (SpO2), hemodynamic compromise, and decreased breath sounds on the right side suggested a right-sided tension PTx. After prompt radiological confirmation, needle aspiration of air through the surgical site restored the patient's condition immediately. Although the sudden unexpected hypoxemia and circulatory problems may confuse anesthesiologists, prompt diagnosis and proper treatment are required for successful clinical outcomes in tension PTx.
Anoxia ; Diagnosis ; Hemodynamics ; Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation ; Needles ; Oxygen ; Pneumothorax* ; Respiration ; Skin ; Tracheoesophageal Fistula*

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) associated with pulmonary hypoplasia usually presents in early neonatal life. Despite recent advances in perioperative intensive care and neonatal pharmacology, there is still a 53-62% mortality rate. CDH presenting outside of the neonatal period is called CDH delayed presentation, and it is uncommon and the diagnosis is difficult due to misleading clinical signs and symptoms. The prognosis in delayed presentation is determined by complications as strangulation or incarceration of the herniated bowel or stomach, mediastinal shift. A 3 month-old male infant was visited to pediatric department because of irritability. Breath sound were decreased over the left hemithorax and blood gas examination showed hypoxemia. Plain chest X-rays demonstrated intestinal bowel gas shadow in the left hemithorax and had done revealed CDH. An immediate operation was performed. The post-operative course was uneventful and the postoperative chest X-ray returned to normal. She was discharged on the 8th post-opertive day.
Anoxia ; Diagnosis ; Hernia, Diaphragmatic* ; Humans ; Infant ; Critical Care ; Male ; Mortality ; Pharmacology ; Prognosis ; Stomach ; Thorax

Tension pneumothorax during one-lung ventilation is an insidious, life threatening emergency. Even though early diagnosis and rapid intervention are necessary to prevent mortality, treatment may be difficult because of the clinical diagnosis-mediastinal shift, hypoxemia, hypotension and increased airway pressure may be confusing in the operative setting. We present here the case of a patient who underwent right thoracotomy with one-lung ventilation and the patient developed left tension pneumothorax with resulting cardiac arrest.
Anoxia ; Early Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Heart Arrest* ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Mortality ; One-Lung Ventilation ; Pneumothorax* ; Thoracotomy*