In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in melanoma. Different lncRNAs show high or low expression in melanoma, and competitively combine with miRNAs through ceRNA mechanism, affecting the expression of downstream target mRNAs, thereby playing the role of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Understanding the role of lncRNA as ceRNA in melanoma can provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma in the future.

Pediatric melanoma occurs rarely, and the pathogenesis is different in different subtypes. The diagnostic criteria for adult melanoma may not be fully applicable to pediatric patients due to atypical clinical manifestations of some tumors. Surgery is the first-line treatment, and the accurate resection margin could be smaller than that in adults. In recent years, immunotherapy and targeted therapy for melanoma have developed rapidly, but very few drugs have been approved for children. Although there have been few large-sample studies on the treatment of pediatric melanoma, the application of related drugs has been reported in literature. This review summarizes progress in the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of pediatric melanoma, in order to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric melanoma.

Objective:To systematically review research on the association between vitamin K and type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related biomarkers in humans, and evaluate the role of vitamin K in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.Methods:"Vitamin K", "type 2 diabetes" and related terms were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Med Online up to November 2018.Results:A total of 1 Chinese and 12 English articles were included. Among 6 observational studies, 5 of them showed that higher dietary vitamin K intake and plasma vitamin K level were associated with the decrease of the risk of type 2 diabetes. Among 6 clinical intervention studies, 5 of them indicated that the supplementation of vitamin K 1 or K2 could have positive influence on insulin metabolism. One Mendelian randomization study showed higher circulation vitamin K level might reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion:Vitamin K plays an important role in the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes, which may be related to the improvement of insulin metabolism and blood glucose level.

Objective:To systematically review research on the association between vitamin K and type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related biomarkers in humans, and evaluate the role of vitamin K in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.Methods:"Vitamin K", "type 2 diabetes" and related terms were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Med Online up to November 2018.Results:A total of 1 Chinese and 12 English articles were included. Among 6 observational studies, 5 of them showed that higher dietary vitamin K intake and plasma vitamin K level were associated with the decrease of the risk of type 2 diabetes. Among 6 clinical intervention studies, 5 of them indicated that the supplementation of vitamin K 1 or K2 could have positive influence on insulin metabolism. One Mendelian randomization study showed higher circulation vitamin K level might reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion:Vitamin K plays an important role in the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes, which may be related to the improvement of insulin metabolism and blood glucose level.