Ankle sprains constitute the majority of ankle injuries, and result in pain, limited mobility/exercise and loss of school/work days. Ankle sprains involve at least one of the ankle ligaments and range from a micro tear to complete tear of the ligament or group of ligaments. The most common mechanism of ankle sprains is inversion stress of a plantar-flexed foot, while the most frequently injured ligament is the anterior talofibular ligament. The attending clinician needs to stratify the risk of fracture through history-taking and physical examination, manage the pain, assess long‑term complications and provide certification for rest and recovery. The Ottawa ankle rules may be useful. Graduated exercises to maintain the ankle's range of motion should be started early, after the resolution of initial pain and swelling. The risk of recurrent ankle injuries is often a combination of both mechanical and functional disabilities.
Ankle Injuries ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Ankle Joint ; pathology ; Humans ; Male

Ankle Injuries ; diagnosis ; surgery ; therapy ; Ankle Joint ; surgery ; Humans ; Joint Instability ; diagnosis ; surgery ; therapy

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a preliminary study on joint injuries of anterior and calcaneal fibular ligaments of the lateral ankle joint, and to analyze mechanism of action of shaking and poking in treating ankle joint and biomechanical properties of ankle during the recovery of joint injuries. METHODS: CT scan was performed on a male volunteer with right ankle sprain. Mimics 10.0, Solidworks 2016, Hypermesh 12.0 and Abaqus 6.13 software were used to establish 3D nonlinear finite element analysis model of foot and ankle, and the validity of model was verified. Combined with clinical study, the finite element simulation analysis was carried out on the toe flexion, dorsiflexion, varus and valgus of ankle joint under different treatment periods by adjusting elastic modulus of ligament to simulate ligament injury. RESULTS: With the treatment of shake and prick and recovery of ligament injury, the maximum stress and area with large stress on tibial pitch and fibular joint surface gradually increased under the four working conditions, and the stress value of the maximum stress ligament gradually increased, and the stress of the anterior and calcaneal fibular ligament dispersed and transferred, and the axial force gradually decreased. CONCLUSION The finite element method was used to simulate the mechanical condition of the shaking and stamping technique, and the changes of the forces of the ligament and articular surface before and after treatment of anterior and calcaneal ligament combined injury of ankle talus were intuitively observed. The treatment effect was quantified, and could provid objective and scientific basis for clinical promotion and application of this technique.
Male ; Humans ; Ankle Joint ; Finite Element Analysis ; Ligaments, Articular ; Sprains and Strains/therapy* ; Ankle Injuries/therapy*

Achilles Tendon ; Ankle Injuries ; Humans ; Rupture ; Tendon Injuries/therapy* ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo observe the efficacy differences between electroacupuncture and physiotherapy on the proprioception of athletes with functional ankle instability (FAD.

METHODSFifty athletes with FAI were randomly divided into an electroacupuncture group and a physiotherapy group. The electroacupuncture group was treated with electroacupuncture at Jiexi (ST 41), Kunlun (BL 60), Qiuxu (GB 40) and Ashi acupoints, and the physiotherapy group was treated with low frequency electrical stimulation and infrared radiation at medial malleolus and lateral malleolus, thrice each week for consecutive 8 weeks. The Joint Position Sense: Active (JPSA), Joint Position Sense: Passive (JPSP) and Kinaesthesia (KT) were assessed at the ankle by use of Biodex System-III isokinetic dynamometer.

RESULTSThe JPSA of 11.090 +/- 3.1 degrees and the JPSP of 9.67 degrees +/- 2.8 degrees before the treatment reduced to 9.14 degrees +/- 4.0 degrees and 6.89 degrees +/- 3.3 degrees, respectively, after the treatment in the electroacupuncture group, with significant differences in JPSA and JPSP (both P < 0.05), compared with those in the physiotherary group, there were significant differences (both P < 0.05) and with no significant difference in KT (P > 0.05). There was no significant differences in the indices of JPSA, JPSP and KT in the physiotherapy group after 8 weeks than those before treatment (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONElectroacupuncture can effectively improve the proprioception of athletes with FAI and achieves a superior efficacy as compared with the conventional physiotherapy.

Adult ; Ankle Injuries ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Ankle Joint ; physiopathology ; Athletes ; Electroacupuncture ; Female ; Humans ; Joint Instability ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Male ; Proprioception ; Young Adult

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Ankle Injuries ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sprains and Strains ; therapy ; Young Adult

Adult ; Ankle Injuries ; therapy ; Humans ; Joint Dislocations ; therapy ; Male ; Manipulation, Orthopedic ; methods

Adult ; Ankle Injuries ; therapy ; Humans ; Joint Dislocations ; therapy ; Male ; Manipulation, Orthopedic ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical effects of surgical vs manual reduction of ankle fractures.

METHODSFrom March 2006 to April 2010,301 patients with ankle fractures were analyzed retrospectively, of whom 134 patients were treated by manual reduction and plaster fixation, and the other 167 patients underwent surgical treatment. In manual reduction group, there were 86 males and 48 females with a mean age of (38.2 +/- 15.7) years, involving Weber-Denis A in 55 cases,Weber-Denis B in 60 cases, and Weber-Denis C in 19 cases. In surgical reduction group, there were 115 males and 52 females with a mean age of (39.6 +/- 11.9) years, involving Weber-Denis A in 59 cases, Weber-Denis B in 52 cases and Weber-Denis C in 56 cases. The score of the ankle's symptoms and function was calculated according to Mazur,and the difference was analyzed by Chi-squire test.

RESULTSOf the 114 patients with Weber-Denis A, 55 patients were in manual reduction group, with excellent, good, acceptable and poor results in 18, 20, 11 and 6 patients respectively vs 26, 25, 6 and 2 in surgical reduction group of 59 patients. In patients with Weber-Denis B, there were 60 patients in manual reduction group, with excellent, good, acceptable and poor results in 20 , 26, 8 and 6 patients vs 25, 21, 5, and 1 in surgical reduction group of 52 patients. There was no significant difference in clinical effects between the two group of Weber-Denis A and B. The remaining 75 patients belonged to Weber-Denis C, of whom 19 patients were in manual reduction group,with excellent, good, acceptable and poor results in 2, 3, 7 and 7 patients vs 21, 18, 11 and 6 in surgical reduction group of 56 patients. There was no significant difference in clinical effects between the two groups of Weber-Denis C (P=0.007).

CONCLUSIONThe clinical effect of surgical reduction group was obviously better than that of manual reduction group for Weber-Denis C, and therefore surgical intervention is recommended for this type of fracture.

Adult ; Ankle Injuries ; therapy ; Ankle Joint ; anatomy & histology ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Manipulation, Orthopedic ; methods ; Middle Aged

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Ankle Injuries ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sprains and Strains ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult