The animal time structure is a basic fact of life, no matter if one wants to study it or not. The time- dependent, mostly rhythmic, and thus to a certain degree predictable, variations of biochemical and physiological functions and of sensitivity and resistance to many environmental agents are often quite large and offer not only new insight into animal physiology and pathology but also diagnostic possibilities and therapeutic advantages. Chronobiology, chronophysiology and its subspecialities, like chronopharmacology and chronotherapy, will certainly play an important role in the clinical medicine of the future. Successful application of chronobiology to veterinary clinical medicine, however, depends critically on a thorough knowledge of its basic principles.
Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Humans ; Photoperiod ; Seasons

We describe here a rare case of traumatic myiasis occurred in August 2014, caused by an association of 2 Diptera species, Sarcophaga tibialis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in a domestic cat in northern Italy. Species identification was based on adult male morphology. The present case is the first report of S. tibialis as an agent of myiasis in Italy, and also the first ever report of myiasis caused by an association of S. tibialis and L. sericata. The cat developed an extensive traumatic myiasis in a large wound on the rump, which was treated pharmacologically and surgically. The biology, ecology, and distribution of S. tibialis and L. sericata are also discussed. A literature review is provided on cases of myiasis caused by S. tibialis, and cases of myiasis by L. sericata involving cats worldwide and humans and animals in Italy.
Animals ; Animals, Domestic/parasitology ; Cat Diseases/*parasitology ; Cats ; Diptera/growth & development/*physiology ; Female ; Italy ; Larva/growth & development/physiology ; Male ; Myiasis/parasitology/*veterinary ; Sarcophagidae/growth & development/*physiology

Extensive previous studies on taxonomy, behavior/bionomics and control of Anopheles sinensis are reviewed and summarized. Recent molecular identification revealed that the population of An. sinensis complex includes An. sinensis, An. pullus, An. lesteri and at least two new species, and An. yatsushiroensis is synonmy of An. pullus. An. sinensis is the main vector specie of vivax malaria in Korea. Larvae of An. sinensis breed in wide range of habitats which are naturally-made clean water, stagnant or flowing; main habitats include rice fields, ditches, streams, irrigation cannals, marshes, ponds, ground pools, etc. Their host preferences are highly zoophilic. Human blood rate is very low (0.7-1.7%) ; nevertheless An. sinensis readily feeds on man when domestic animals are not found near by. They feed on hosts throughout the night from dusk to dawn with a peak period of 02: 00-04: 00 hours; they are slightly more exophagic (biting outdoors) ; much larger numbers come into the room when light is on. Main resting places are outdoors such as grasses, vegetable fields and rice fields. A mark-release-recapture study resulted that 37.1% was recaptured within 1 km, 29.4% at 1-3 km, 21.1% at 3-6 km, 10.3% at 6-9 km and 2.1% at 9-12 km distance. An. sinensis hibernate outdoors (mostly under part of dense grasses) during October-March. At the end of the hibernation period (March-April) they feed on cows at daytime. Until today any single measure to effectively control An. sinensis population has not been found. Indoor residual spray with a long-lasting insecticide can not reduce vector population densities, but shorten their life spans in some degree, so contributes to malaria control.
Animals ; Animals, Domestic/parasitology ; Anopheles/parasitology/*physiology ; Bites and Stings ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; *Insect Vectors ; Korea ; Larva/physiology ; *Malaria, Vivax ; Mosquito Control ; Plasmodium vivax ; Population Density ; Seasons

Domesticated ungulates embryonic stem (ES) cells have great significances in biology and wide application prospects. This review compared the key signaling pathways related with pluripotency between mouse and human ES cells, and the difference of transcription factors in mouse, human and domesticated ungulates ES cells were elaborated. Finally the pluripotency candidate signaling network and transcription factors related in the derivation of domesticated ungulates ES cell were discussed combined with practical experience of ovine embryonic stem cell derivation in our laboratory.
Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Cell Differentiation ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; metabolism ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Sheep ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Wnt Proteins ; metabolism