The resolution of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in tissue samples obtained from various regions of the rabbit brain was carried out by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. 1) Most regions of the brain showed an H-type isozyme pattern. 2) Five clear1y differentiated patterns of isozyme activity were found throughout the entire cerebral cortex with no difference between the lobes of the cerebral cortex. 3) All 5 patterns were found in the upper brain, while 4 patterns-LDH-1, 2, 3 and very 1ow activity of LDH-4 were found in the lower brain.
Animal ; Brain/enzymology* ; Isoenzymes ; Lactate Dehydrogenase/analysis* ; Rabbits ; Tissue Distribution

Plague is a virulent infectious disease in China. In this study, '3S' technology was used to perform spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial interpolation analysis for Spermophilus dauricus (S. Dauricus, a species of ground squirrel) captured in Manchuria City in 2015. The results were visually inspected. During the two-month (May to July) plague surveillance in 2015, 198 S. dauricus individuals were captured in the study area in Manchuria City (48 monitoring areas) by using a day-by-day catching method. Spatial autocorrelation was conducted using the ArcGIS software, and the following significantly different results were obtained: Moran's I=0.228472, Z-score=2.889126, and P<0.05. Thus, a spatial aggregation was observed. In 2015, the distribution of S. dauricus diminished from west to east and from north to south of Manchuria. Geo Detector software was used to analyze the habitat factors affecting the spatial distribution of S. dauricus. This highly clustered species mainly exists in suburban communities, construction sites, and areas surrounding factories. In future studies, plague surveillances should be performed in areas around Manchuria and Zhalainuoer.
Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; Disease Reservoirs ; statistics & numerical data ; Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; Plague ; transmission ; Sciuridae ; physiology ; Spatial Analysis

OBJECTIVETo establish a prion disease PrP(Sc) panel from the brain tissues of experimental hamsters and to address the stability of the panel conserved under the specific condition, for evaluating the diagnostic techniques of human and animal's prion diseases.

METHODS30 brain tissues of hamsters infected with scrapie strain 263K intracerebrally and 30 ones of normal hamsters were enrolled in this panel. Each brain sample was prepared to 10%, 1% and 0.5% homogenates and aliquoted into stocks. The presences of PrP(Sc) in each brain sample were evaluated with PrP-specific Western Blots and partially with immunohistochemistry, and the stability of PrP(Sc) signals in each sample were repeatedly assessed half a year later and 3 years later.

RESULTSPrP(Sc) signals were detected in all stocks of 10% brain homogenates from infected hamsters, 26 out of 30 stocks of 1% homogenates and 19 out of 30 stocks of 0.5% homogenates. The assessments of PrP(Sc) signals in all samples half-year and three years later demonstrated almost unchanged. All homogenates of brain tissues of normal hamsters were PrP(Sc) negative.

CONCLUSIONA prion disease PrP(Sc) panel of the brain tissues, which includes 90 PrP(Sc) positive stocks and PrP(Sc) negative ones, was successfully established, with a reliable stability of PrP(Sc) signals.

Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Male ; PrPC Proteins ; pharmacokinetics ; PrPSc Proteins ; Prion Diseases ; metabolism ; Scrapie ; metabolism ; Tissue Distribution

OBJECTIVETo characterize the pharmacokinetics and distribution profiles of deltamethrin in miniature pig tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

METHODSPharmacokinetics and distribution of deltamethrin in blood and tissues of 30 miniature pigs were studied by GC-MS after oral administration of deltamethrin (5 mg/kg bw). Data were processed by 3P97 software.

RESULTSThe serum deltamethrin level was significantly lower in tissues than in blood of miniature pigs. The AUC0-72 h, Cmax, of deltamethrin were 555.330 ± 316.987 ng h/mL and 17.861 ± 11.129 ng/mL, respectively. The Tmax, of deltamethrin was 6.004 ± 3.131 h.

CONCLUSIONThe metabolism of deltamethrin in miniature pigs is fit for a one-compartment model with a weighting function of 1/C2. Deltamethrin is rapidly hydrolyzed and accumulated in miniature pig tissues.

Absorption ; Animals ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Models, Animal ; Nitriles ; pharmacokinetics ; Pyrethrins ; pharmacokinetics ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature ; Tissue Distribution

To elucidate the Ca2+ release mechanisms in the rabbit coronary artery, arterial preparations were permeabilized with beta-escin and changes in tension were measured under varying experimental conditions. Additionally, we investigated properties and distribution of two kinds of Ca2+ release mechanisms, Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) and IP3-induced Ca2+ release (IICR). The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. When a rabbit coronary artery was incubated in a relaxing solution containing 30 microM beta-escin for 40 min. sensitivity to externally added Ca2+ was much higher in beta-escin permeabilized muscle than in intact preparations. The contractile effect of IP3 in beta-escin permeabilized muscle was also demonstrated; 2. Caffeine and IP3 contracted coronary arteries were permeabilized with beta-escin, but the amplitude of contraction was much larger in the presence of caffeine than of IP3. 3. Intracellular heparin completely inhibited the contractions induced by IP3, but not those by caffeine. On the other hand, procaine inhibited the responses to caffeine, but not those to IP3. Ryanodine inhibited both the caffeine- and IP3-induced contractions. 4. The amplitude of contractile responses was much larger to the maximal stimulation of CICR by applying caffeine than to the maximal stimulation of IICR by applying IP3. After the maximal CICR stimulation by caffeine, the activation of IICR by IP3 without the reloading of Ca2+ could no longer evoke contraction. On the other hand, after the maximal IICR activation, the activation of CICR could still evoke contraction although the amplitude of the contraction was smaller when compared with the case without the initial IICR stimulation. 5. Acetylcholine contracted coronary artery smooth muscles were permeabilized with beta-escin. However, in the absence of added guanosine triphosphate (GTP), the responses were very small. Acetylcholine-induced contraction was inhibited by heparin, but not by procaine. From the above results, it may be concluded that there are two kinds of mechanisms of Ca2+ release, CICR and IICR, in the rabbit coronary artery smooth muscle cell. Also, whereas the CICR mechanism distributes on the membrane of the whole smooth muscle Ca2+ store, the IICR mechanism distributes only on a part of it.
Animal ; Arteries/metabolism ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Capillary Permeability/drug effects ; Coronary Vessels/drug effects/*metabolism ; Escin/pharmacology ; In Vitro ; Intracellular Membranes/*metabolism ; Rabbits ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tissue Distribution

OBJECTIVETo establish a two-step pretargeting approach to lymphoma radioimmunoimaging in mice using biotinynaled CD45 monoclonal antibody (McAb) and (188)Re-avidin in a tumor-bearing mouse model.

METHODSSix Nod-Scid mice bearing lymphoma cell xenograft were randomized to receive either an intravenous injection of 50 µg/200 µL biotinyled CD45 McAb followed 24 h later by an intraperitoneal injection of 3.7 MBq (50 µg/100 µL) (188)Re-avidin (two-step pretargeting group), or a single intravenous injection of 3.7 MBq (100 µg/100 µL) (188)Re-CD45 McAb (control group). SPECT was performed at 0.5, 1, 6 and 23 h post-injection to characterize (188)Re isotope biodistribution. At 24 h pos-injection, the mice were sacrificed for measurement of radioactivity uptake in the tumor and normal tissues and calculation of the tumor-to-non-tumor (T/NT) ratios.

RESULTSSPECT showed that the two-step pretargeting method resulted in a low radioactivity in the blood pool during the imaging and a concentrated radioactivity in the liver and spleen. The transplanted tumor began to be displayed at 1 h post-injection and was clearly displayed at 1-6 h; the images were clear even at 23 h. With the two-step pretargeting method, the radioactive uptake at 24 h post-injection were (1.34∓0.52)%, (6.77∓2.32)%, and (2.81∓1.25)% in the tumor, kidney and liver, respectively, with low radioactivity levels in other organs and high tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios (4.28∓0.82 and 8.00∓0.88, respectively). In the control group, SPECT revealed intense radioactivity in the liver, spleen, and kidneys with obscure display of the tumor; at 20 h, the radioactivity in the blood pool remained high but that in the tumor was low, and the tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios at 24 h were only 0.58∓0.06 and 3.21∓0.24, respectively.

CONCLUSIONCompared with (188)Re-CD45 McAb, the two-step pretargeting approach exhibits a good specificity in targeting lymphoma with an increased T/NT ratio in mice and allows early tumor display at 1 h post-injection.

Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Avidin ; Disease Models, Animal ; Lymphoma ; diagnosis ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Radioimmunodetection ; Tissue Distribution ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

BACKGROUNDBacterial infection can pose a substantial diagnostic dilemma. (99m)Tc-labeled ciprofloxacin (CPF) was developed as a biologically active radiopharmaceutical to diagnose infection. In the present research, we studied the biodistribution and imaging properties of infection tracer (99m)Tc-CPF in a mouse model of infection.

METHODSCPF was labeled with (99m)Tc and the radiochemical purity and labeling rate were measured. A mouse model of infection was established. We then determined the biodistribution of (99m)Tc-CPF and conducted the whole body scintigraphy of the animal model.

RESULTS(99m)Tc-Ciprotech was stable for at least 6 hours at room temperature. The labeling rate of CPF by (99m)Tc was over 90%. Clearance of radioactivity mainly occurred in the liver and kidney, and the clearance from blood was rapid. Both biodistribution and imaging results showed higher uptake of (99m)Tc-CPF at sites of infection. The infectious tissue/normal tissue ratio peak was 4.30 at 4 hours after injection.

CONCLUSIONS(99m)Tc-CPF is a sensitive radiopharmaceutical for scintigraphy of infectious lesions and it is easy to prepare.

Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Bacterial Infections ; diagnosis ; Ciprofloxacin ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Isotope Labeling ; methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Organotechnetium Compounds ; chemistry ; Tissue Distribution

OBJECTIVETo investigate the impact of impoundment and active public health interventions on rodent populations and rodent-borne diseases in the Three Gorges reservoir region from 1997 to 2012.

METHODSSurveillance data from 1997 to 2012 were extracted from the Public Health Surveillance System of The Three Gorges established in 1997. Temporal changes in the incidences of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and leptospirosis, rodent density, pathogen-carrying rates, and their correlations were analyzed.

RESULTSThe average indoor and outdoor rodent densities decreased overall from 1997 to 2012. The average densities decreased by 47.72% (from 4.38% to 2.29%) and 39.68% (from 4.41% to 2.66%), respectively, after impoundment (2003-2012) compared with before impoundment (1997-2002). The average annual incidence rates of HFRS and leptospirosis were 0.29/100,000 and 0.52/100,000, respectively, and decreased by 85.74% (from 0.68/100,000 to 0.10/100,000) and 95.73% (from 1.47/100,000 to 0.065/100,000), respectively, after impoundment compared with before impoundment. Incidences of HFRS and leptospirosis appear to be positively correlated with rodent density in the reservoir area.

CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated that rodent density and incidences of rodent-borne diseases decreased and were maintained at low levels during construction of the Three Gorges dam. Measures that reduce rodent population densities could be effective in controlling rodent-borne diseases during large-scale hydraulic engineering construction.

Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Hantavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; Leptospirosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Population Density ; Rodent Diseases ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; virology ; Rodentia ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; Water Supply ; Zoonoses

animal models. We have investigated the effects of PDGF and TGF-beta on the proliferation and differentiation of the normal human osteoblast in vitro culture.The normal human osteoblast from iliac bone were primarily cultured. The serums obtained from the osteoporotic patients and the normal was used to quantify PDGF and TGF-beta from the osteoporotic patients serum and the normal serum.To clarify the effects of the various different the culture conditions such as 1 x 10(4)cells/ml,2.5 x 10(4)cells/ml, 5 x 10(4)cells/ml, 10 x 10(4)cells/ml (0.22 x 10(4)cells/well) of the osteoblast at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours under 10%FBS, 10%normal humanserum, 10%osteoporotic human serum, 3% normal human PRP, 3%osteoporotic human PRP. The cell proliferation and differentiation was determined by [3H ]-thymidine and SRB assay, and the magnitude of differentiation to osteoblast was confirmed by von Kossa staining and alkaline phosphatase stain and measuring the alkaline phosphatase activity during 48 hours and 72 hours. Statistical differences were evaluated using the scheffe test. The ANOVA procedure of the SAS system. The obtained results were as follows ; 1.The age distribution of normal human was 36.9 +/- 4.4 old, osteoporotic human was 72.5 +/- 0.2 old with statistical significant difference(p<0.05). 2. The quantification of TGF-beta of the normal human serum was 39658.38 +/- 11630.43 pg/ml,the osteoporotic human serum was 30459.40 +/- 1704.92 pg/ml with statistical significant difference. The quantification of PDGF of the normal human serum was 3064.13 +/- 709.51 pg/ml, the osteoporotic human serum was 2514.13 +/- 140.21 pg/ml with no statistical significant difference(p<0.05). 3. The DNA synthesis and protein assay of human osteoblast at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours was similar increased to 10%normal human seurm, 10%osteoporotic human serum.There was no statistical significant difference between the normal human and the osteoporotic patients in 3%normal human PRP and 3%osteoporotic human PRP. 4.The optimal cell concentration was 5 X 10(4)cells/ml among 1 x 10(4)cells/ml, 2.5 x 10(4)cells/ml, 5 x 10(4)cells/ml, and 10 x 10(4)cells/ml.The DNA synthesis was decreased after 72 hours in the normal human serum and PRP,the osteoportic serum and PRP. 5.The alkaline phosphatase activity was as the same result 10%FBS, 10%osteoportic serum and 10% normal human serum at 48 hours with no statistical significant, but the alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in 10%osteoportic human serum and 10%normal human serum except 10% FBS at 72 hours. From above result,the amount of TGF-beta of the normal human growth factor was higher than the osteoporotic patients, but the growth factors of the osteoportic patients were enough the proliferation and differentiation of normal human osteoblasts such like the same effects of normal human growth factors.]]>
Age Distribution ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Bone Resorption ; Bone Transplantation ; Cell Proliferation ; DNA ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Models, Animal ; Osteoblasts ; Osteogenesis ; Osteoporosis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta

In order to investigate the beneficial effects of 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg Korean garlic juice against the embryotoxicity of 20 mg/kg methylmercury chloride (MMC, CH3HgCl), pregnant Fisher 344 rats were simultaneously orally administered on day 7 of gestation. On day 20 of gestation the dams were laparotomized under ether anesthesia, and the fetuses were removed and examined for toxicity of methylmercury. Garlic juice depressed the toxicity in terms of some parameters. In the case of simultaneous treatment with 0.1 g/kg garlic juice and MMC, rates of increase were 17.5% in maternal body weight, 13.2% and 41.9% in fetal and litters' weight respectively, and 37.0% in fetal survival rate. Decreasing rates were 10.0% in maternal death rate, and 6.9% and 31.3% in pre- and post-implantation loss respectively. Decreasing rates of mercury levels in dams were 67.2% in liver, 57.6% in brain, 47.2% in kidney, 42.1% in spleen and 40.9% in blood. As well, decreasing rates of mercury level in fetuses were 54.9% in all body burden, 55.9% in liver, 46.7% in kidney and 37% in brain, respectively. The number of fetal ossification centers were reduced by 23.8% to 58.0% following simultaneous treatment with 1.0 g/kg garlic juice. These findings indicated that garlic juice effectively inhibited the embryotoxicity of methylmercury in pregnant Fischer 344 rats.
Animal ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Embryo/drug effects* ; Embryo Loss/prevention & control ; Embryo Loss/chemically induced ; Female ; Fetal Weight/drug effects ; Garlic* ; Methylmercury Compounds/toxicity* ; Methylmercury Compounds/pharmacokinetics ; Osteogenesis/drug effects ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Tissue Distribution