The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion following single intramuscular administration of levofloxacin at a dose of 4 mg/kg was investigated in seven male cross bred calves. Appreciable plasma concentration of levofloxacin (0.38 +/- 0.06 microgram/ml) was detected at 1 min after injection and the peak plasma level of 3.07 +/- 0.08 microgram/ml was observed at 1 h. The drug level above MIC(90) in plasma was detected up to 12 h after administration. Rapid absorption of the drug was also evident by the high value of the absorption rate constant (2.14 +/- 0.24 /h). The overall systemic bioavailability of levofloxacin, after intramuscular administration, was 56.6 +/- 12.4%. The high value of AUC (7.66 +/- 0.72 mg.h/ml) reflected the vast area of body covered by drug concentration. Extensive distribution of the drug into various body fluids and tissues was noted by the high value of Vd(area) (1.02 +/- 0.05 l/kg). The high ratio of AUC/MIC (76.6 +/- 7.25) obtained in this study indicated excellent clinical and bacteriological efficacy of levofloxacin in calves. The elimination half-life and MRT were 3.67 +/- 0.4 h and 5.57 +/- 0.51 h, respectively. The total body clearance (Cl(B)) was 204.9 +/- 22.6 ml/kg/h. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic parameters, a suitable intramuscular dosage regimen for levofloxacin in calves would be 1.5 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacokinetics/urine ; Area Under Curve ; Biological Availability ; Cattle/*metabolism/urine ; Half-Life ; Injections, Intramuscular/veterinary ; Male ; Ofloxacin/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacokinetics/urine

Objective: With the development of endovascular technique and devices, large and giant intracranial aneurysms are increasingly being managed by this less invasive method. Here we discuss our experience on managing such aneurysms via endovascular technique. Methods: Retrospective data on 42 patients with large and giant intracranial aneurysms managed by endovascular techniques between September 2015 to December 2017 at our neurosurgery institute were included in this analysis. Results: There were a total 42 patients with 9 giant and 33 large aneurysms in this study. Eight aneurysms were treated by parent vessel occlusion, 22 aneurysms with coils and rest 12 aneurysms were treated with stent assisted coiling. Following the procedure, Raymond class I occlusion was accomplished in 31 (73.8%) patients while class Ⅱ in 9 (21.4%) and class Ⅲ in 2 (4.8%) patients. Overall morbidity and mortality were 9.5% and 14.3% respectively and favorable outcome was seen in 80.9% patients. Significant correlation was observed with clinical outcome and initial neurological status. Conclusions The study indicates that endovascular intervention is a safe and effective method in managing large and giant intracranial aneurysms with lesser morbidity and mortality.

Objective: With the development of endovascular technique and devices, large and giant intracranial aneurysms are increasingly being managed by this less invasive method. Here we discuss our experience on managing such aneurysms via endovascular technique. Methods: Retrospective data on 42 patients with large and giant intracranial aneurysms managed by endovascular techniques between September 2015 to December 2017 at our neurosurgery institute were included in this analysis. Results: There were a total 42 patients with 9 giant and 33 large aneurysms in this study. Eight aneurysms were treated by parent vessel occlusion, 22 aneurysms with coils and rest 12 aneurysms were treated with stent assisted coiling. Following the procedure, Raymond class I occlusion was accomplished in 31 (73.8%) patients while class Ⅱ in 9 (21.4%) and class Ⅲ in 2 (4.8%) patients. Overall morbidity and mortality were 9.5% and 14.3% respectively and favorable outcome was seen in 80.9% patients. Significant correlation was observed with clinical outcome and initial neurological status. Conclusions The study indicates that endovascular intervention is a safe and effective method in managing large and giant intracranial aneurysms with lesser morbidity and mortality.