OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the indicator of human rights of people with mental illness (HRPM). METHODS: The HRPM scale was administered to 382 inpatients at national hospital psychiatric (schizophrenia 77.0%, bipolar disorder 7.6%). Reliability of HRPM was tested by internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and item-total correlation. Domains and contents were examined for assessment of construct validity of HRPM. RESULTS: Human rights of people with mental illness was highly reliable in terms of internal consistency (Cronbach alpha=0.87), test-retest reliability (r=0.81), and corrected item-total correlation r range from 0.42 to 0.71. In addition, construct validity of HRPM was established with the domains and contents in conceptually expected ways. CONCLUSION: These results offer reliability and validity for the indicator of HRPM. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed, and future directions of study were suggested.
Bipolar Disorder* ; Human Rights* ; Humans* ; Inpatients ; Reproducibility of Results ; Schizophrenia*

Melanogenesis is the production of melanin from tyrosine by a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, in which tyrosinase and DOPA oxidase play key roles. The melanin content in the skin determines skin pigmentation. Abnormalities in skin pigmentation lead to various skin pigmentation disorders. Recent research has shown that the expression of EMP2 is much lower in melanoma than in normal melanocytes, but its role in melanogenesis has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the role of EMP2 in the melanogenesis of MNT1 human melanoma cells. We examined TRP-1, TRP-2, and TYR expression levels during melanogenesis in MNT1 melanoma cells by gene silencing of EMP2. Western blot and RT-PCR results confirmed that the expression levels of TYR and TRP-2 were decreased when EMP2 expression was knocked down by EMP2 siRNA in MNT1 cells, and these changes were reversed when EMP2 was overexpressed. We verified the EMP2 gene was knocked out of the cell line (EMP2 CRISPR/Cas9) by using a CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that the expression levels of TRP-2 and TYR were significantly lower in the EMP2 CRISPR/Cas9 cell lines. Loss of EMP2 also reduced migration and invasion of MNT1 melanoma cells. In addition, the melanosome transfer from the melanocytes to keratinocytes in the EMP2 KO cells cocultured with keratinocytes was reduced compared to the cells in the control coculture group. In conclusion, these results suggest that EMP2 is involved in melanogenesis via the regulation of TRP-2 expression.